En este ensayo ofrezco una descripción de la manera en que el futuro es imaginado al interior de la literatura sobre los derechos de los animales, específicamente por autores que se ubican dentro del ...llamado giro político en la ética animal. En el Antropoceno, término con el que se designa a nuestra era geológica, caracterizada por la influencia de la especie humana sobre el sistema de la Tierra, el futuro parece haberse eclipsado, tanto así que este solo es para muchos concebible como catástrofe. A través de la exposición de diferentes imaginarios políticos multiespecie, concretizados en la construcción teórica de zoodemocracias del futuro, doy cuenta aquí de una emergente literatura sobre utopías políticas caracterizada por la crítica al excepcionalismo humano.
Resumen: En el capítulo 8 de El príncipe, Maquiavelo discute acerca de una vía alternativa a la de la virtù y la fortuna para alcanzar el principado, la de los crímenes. El florentino sostiene que si ...bien cosas como la traición, la crueldad y el asesinato pueden ser medios conducentes al poder, no conducen a la gloria: “no se puede llamar virtud, el asesinar a sus ciudadanos, traicionar a los amigos, no tener palabra; estos medios harán ganar poder pero no gloria”. En este ensayo se argumenta que esta condena de la traición y del crimen es sólo aparente. El principal ejemplo de la vía criminal al principado, Agatocles, hace cosas que en otras partes del libro no sólo no son condenadas, sino que se convierten en modelos para la acción de futuros príncipes. Este trato desigual, se sugerirá, se comprende solamente cuando se ubica este capítulo dentro del contexto de la disputa de Maquiavelo contra los “escritores” antiguos, que despreciaban a la multitud. La discusión sobre el “tirano” Agatocles es aquí leída en conjunto con el capítulo sobre el “príncipe civil”, donde Maquiavelo sostiene que el fundamento del poder del príncipe es el pueblo y no los nobles.
Of patients with early-stage breast cancer, 60% to 75% undergo breast-conserving surgery. Of those, 20% or more need a second surgery because of an incomplete tumor resection only discovered days ...after surgery. An intraoperative imaging technology allowing cancer detection on the margins of breast specimens could reduce re-excision procedure rates and improve patient survival.SignificanceOf patients with early-stage breast cancer, 60% to 75% undergo breast-conserving surgery. Of those, 20% or more need a second surgery because of an incomplete tumor resection only discovered days after surgery. An intraoperative imaging technology allowing cancer detection on the margins of breast specimens could reduce re-excision procedure rates and improve patient survival.We aimed to develop an experimental protocol using hyperspectral line-scanning Raman spectroscopy to image fresh breast specimens from cancer patients. Our objective was to determine whether macroscopic specimen images could be produced to distinguish invasive breast cancer from normal tissue structures.AimWe aimed to develop an experimental protocol using hyperspectral line-scanning Raman spectroscopy to image fresh breast specimens from cancer patients. Our objective was to determine whether macroscopic specimen images could be produced to distinguish invasive breast cancer from normal tissue structures.A hyperspectral inelastic scattering imaging instrument was used to interrogate eight specimens from six patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Machine learning models trained with a different system to distinguish cancer from normal breast structures were used to produce tissue maps with a field-of-view of 1 cm 2 classifying each pixel as either cancer, adipose, or other normal tissues. The predictive model results were compared with spatially correlated histology maps of the specimens.ApproachA hyperspectral inelastic scattering imaging instrument was used to interrogate eight specimens from six patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Machine learning models trained with a different system to distinguish cancer from normal breast structures were used to produce tissue maps with a field-of-view of 1 cm 2 classifying each pixel as either cancer, adipose, or other normal tissues. The predictive model results were compared with spatially correlated histology maps of the specimens.A total of eight specimens from six patients were imaged. Four of the hyperspectral images were associated with specimens containing cancer cells that were correctly identified by the new ex vivo pathology technique. The images associated with the remaining four specimens had no histologically detectable cancer cells, and this was also correctly predicted by the instrument.ResultsA total of eight specimens from six patients were imaged. Four of the hyperspectral images were associated with specimens containing cancer cells that were correctly identified by the new ex vivo pathology technique. The images associated with the remaining four specimens had no histologically detectable cancer cells, and this was also correctly predicted by the instrument.We showed the potential of hyperspectral Raman imaging as an intraoperative breast cancer margin assessment technique that could help surgeons improve cosmesis and reduce the number of repeat procedures in breast cancer surgery.ConclusionsWe showed the potential of hyperspectral Raman imaging as an intraoperative breast cancer margin assessment technique that could help surgeons improve cosmesis and reduce the number of repeat procedures in breast cancer surgery.
Raman spectroscopy imaging is a technique that can be adapted for intraoperative tissue characterization to be used for surgical guidance. Here we present a macroscopic line scanning Raman imaging ...system that has been modified to ensure suitability for intraoperative use. The imaging system has a field of view of 1 × 1 cm
and acquires Raman fingerprint images of 40 × 42 pixels, typically in less than 5 minutes. The system is mounted on a mobile cart, it is equiped with a passive support arm and possesses a removable and sterilizable probe muzzle. The results of a proof of concept study are presented in porcine adipose and muscle tissue. Supervised machine learning models (support vector machines and random forests) were trained and they were tested on a holdout dataset consisting of 7 Raman images (10 080 spectra) acquired in different animal tissues. This led to a detection accuracy >96% and prediction confidence maps providing a quantitative detection assessment for tissue border visualization. Further testing was accomplished on a dataset acquired with the imaging probe's contact muzzle and tailored classification models showed robust classifications capabilities with specificity, sensitivity and accuracy all surpassing 95% with a support vector machine classifier. Finally, laser safety, biosafety and sterilization of the system was assest. The safety assessment showed that the system's laser can be operated safetly according to the American National Standards Institute's standard for maximum permissible exposures for eyes and skin. It was further shown that during tissue interrogation, the temperature-history in cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM43 °C) never exceeded a safe threshold of 5 min.
En El Príncipe, las prescripciones políticas que Maquiavelo ofrece a sus lectores se presentan de manera predominante en la forma de reflexiones sobre ejemplos particulares. En este ensayo expongo ...tres interpretaciones distintas sobre Agatocles (las de Victoria Kahn, John McCormick y Erica Benner), quien figura en el libro como el principal ejemplo del príncipe criminal, apartado textualmente entonces del grupo de «hombres excelentes» que son llamados a imitar por los nuevos príncipes. A pesar de sus diferencias, estas diferentes lecturas muestran el modo en que la virtù del príncipe es para Maquiavelo inseparable de la capacidad para juzgar ejemplos y extraer la verdad de ellos.
Carl Schmitt construyó su Teología Política alrededor de su célebre definición del soberano como aquél quien “decide sobre el estado de excepción” (2009, p. 13). Simplificando, podría afirmarse que ...la teología política es para Schmitt el nombre que recibe el discurso legitimador del monopolio del soberano sobre la decisión. En Divine Democracy (2021), Miguel Vatter ofrece una erudita y sugerente reconstrucción de una variedad de discursos teológico políticos que representarían una alternativa a la perspectiva schmittiana, soberanista, acerca de la relación entre teología y política. A través de la relectura crítica de autores del siglo pasado como Peterson, Voegelin, Maritain, Kantorowicz y Habermas, entre otros, Vatter identifica la emergencia de una teología política democrática más allá de Schmitt.
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