Retinal remodeling Jones, B. W.; Kondo, M.; Terasaki, H. ...
Japanese journal of ophthalmology,
07/2012, Letnik:
56, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Retinal photoreceptor degeneration takes many forms. Mutations in rhodopsin genes or disorders of the retinal pigment epithelium, defects in the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter, ...ABCR gene defects, receptor tyrosine kinase defects, ciliopathies and transport defects, defects in both transducin and arrestin, defects in rod cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase, peripherin defects, defects in metabotropic glutamate receptors, synthetic enzymatic defects, defects in genes associated with signaling, and many more can all result in retinal degenerative disease like retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or RP-like disorders. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and AMD-like disorders are possibly due to a constellation of potential gene targets and gene/gene interactions, while other defects result in diabetic retinopathy or glaucoma. However, all of these insults as well as traumatic insults to the retina result in retinal remodeling. Retinal remodeling is a universal finding subsequent to retinal degenerative disease that results in deafferentation of the neural retina from photoreceptor input as downstream neuronal elements respond to loss of input with negative plasticity. This negative plasticity is not passive in the face of photoreceptor degeneration, with a phased revision of retinal structure and function found at the molecular, synaptic, cell, and tissue levels involving all cell classes in the retina, including neurons and glia. Retinal remodeling has direct implications for the rescue of vision loss through bionic or biological approaches, as circuit revision in the retina corrupts any potential surrogate photoreceptor input to a remnant neural retina. However, there are a number of potential opportunities for intervention that are revealed through the study of retinal remodeling, including therapies that are designed to slow down photoreceptor loss, interventions that are designed to limit or arrest remodeling events, and optogenetic approaches that target appropriate classes of neurons in the remnant neural retina.
PurposeTo compare optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) images for detecting polypoidal lesions (PLs) and branching vascular networks (BVNs), and ...to measure the polypoidal areas (PAs) in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).MethodsAll patients underwent ICGA, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCTA. We compared the detection sensitivity for PL and BVN, as evaluated by the ICGA and OCTA images. Furthermore, PA measured by ICGA was divided into two groups: one in which the area could be measured by OCTA (ICGA
OCTA
) and the other in which the area could not be measured by OCTA (ICGA
OCTA
).ResultsTwenty-one consecutive eyes of 21 patients (mean age, 73.8±9.8 years) were included. ICGA detected PL in all eyes (100%), whereas OCTA detected PL in 16 eyes (75.2%); ICGA detected BVN in 15 eyes (71.4%), whereas OCTA detected BVN in 20 eyes (95.2%). The mean PA in ICGA
OCTA
and ICGA
OCTA
was 0.24±0.04 and 0.14±0.01 mm
, respectively; a significant difference was observed between ICGA
OCTA
PA and ICGA
OCTA
PA (P<0.0001). In addition, the mean PA in the ICGA
OCTA
group measured by ICGA and OCTA was 0.24±0.04 was 0.19±0.04 mm
, respectively; these values were significantly different (P=0.0046).ConclusionsOCTA might detect more BVNs and fewer PLs compared with ICGA, and PL detected by OCTA might be smaller than those detected by ICGA.
An order of magnitude decrease (from 16.0×10−4 to 4.1×10−4% h−1) in steady-state creep rate was observed in the fine-grained heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a Cr–Mo steel weld by the reduction of the ...pre-weld tempering temperature from 760°C (HTT) to 650°C (LTT). The microstructure during each stage of the manufacturing path, including pre-weld temper, thermal cycling and post-weld heat treatment, was characterized using a suite of characterization techniques. The techniques included simulated thermal cycling, dilatometry and electron microscopy, as well as time-resolved X-ray diffraction using Synchrotron radiation. Both LTT and HTT steels before welding contain M23C6 (M=Cr, Fe) and MX (M=Nb, V; X=C, N) precipitates in a tempered martensite matrix. During simulated HAZ thermal cycling with different peak temperatures, changes in M23C6 carbide characteristics were observed between the HTT and LLT conditions, while MX precipitates remained stable in both conditions. Simulated post-weld heat treatment samples show larger M23C6 in the HTT condition than in the LTT condition. The results provide a solution to extending the life of Cr–Mo steel welded structures used in power plants.
Detachment of photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium is seen in various retinal disorders, resulting in photoreceptor death and subsequent vision loss. Cell death results in the release ...of endogenous molecules that activate molecular platforms containing caspase-1, termed inflammasomes. Inflammasome activation in retinal diseases has been reported in some cases to be protective and in others to be detrimental, causing neuronal cell death. Moreover, the cellular source of inflammasomes in retinal disorders is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that patients with photoreceptor injury by retinal detachment (RD) have increased levels of cleaved IL-1β, an end product of inflammasome activation. In an animal model of RD, photoreceptor cell death led to activation of endogenous inflammasomes, and this activation was diminished by Rip3 deletion. The major source of Il1b expression was found to be infiltrating macrophages in the subretinal space, rather than dying photoreceptors. Inflammasome inhibition attenuated photoreceptor death after RD. Our data implicate the infiltrating macrophages as a source of damaging inflammasomes after photoreceptor detachment in a RIP3-dependent manner and suggest a novel therapeutic target for treatment of retinal diseases.
To prospectively compare the effects of half-dose verteporfin (3 mg/m(2)) photodynamic therapy (1/2 PDT) with those of one-third-dose verteporfin (2 mg/m(2)) PDT (1/3 PDT) for chronic central serous ...chorioretinopathy (CSC).
Sixteen eyes of 16 consecutive patients with chronic CSC were enrolled and followed up for a 3-month study period. The first 10 patients received 1/2 PDT and the next 6 patients received 1/3 PDT. The resolution rate of subretinal fluid (SRF) was compared between the two groups. The changes in the choroidal thickness inside and outside the PDT-applied area in both groups were also evaluated.
SRF disappeared in all eyes (100%) in the 1/2 PDT group and in two eyes (33%) in the 1/3 PDT group. In the 1/2 PDT group, choroidal thickness inside and outside the PDT-applied area reduced significantly from the baseline (inside, from 387 ± 24 to 325 ± 25 μm; outside, from 292 ± 25 to 249 ± 19 μm; both P=0.005). In the 1/3 PDT group, choroidal thickness decreased in two eyes where SRF disappeared (inside, 87.2 and 90.9% of the baseline; outside, 91.4 and 92.6% of the baseline), but did not change in the other four eyes where SRF remained (inside, 104.1, 100.0, 105.1, and 100.5% of the baseline; outside, 98.9, 103.0, 100.0, and 99.0% of the baseline).
1/2 PDT is more effective than 1/3 PDT in the resolution of SRF for chronic CSC. Decrease in the choroidal thickness after PDT may be related to the resolution of SRF in chronic CSC.
The purpose of this study was to determine the subfoveal scleral thickness in highly myopic eyes by enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and to identify the ...ocular parameters significantly associated with the scleral thickness.
The subfoveal scleral thickness of myopic eyes (≥-8 diopters (D) or axial length ≥26.5 mm) was examined by EDI-OCT. The correlations between the thickness and the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refractive error, axial length (AL), the subfoveal retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, and posterior staphyloma height 2 mm from the fovea were investigated.
A total of 75 eyes of 54 patients (21 men, 33 women; mean age, 62.3±11.3 years; mean AL, 30.2±1.68 mm) were studied. Eighteen eyes had no pathological retinochoroidal lesions, and 57 eyes had retinochoroidal lesion, that is, myopic schisis, choroidal neovascularization, and other retinochoroidal pathologies. The mean subfoveal scleral thickness was 284.0±70.4 μm, and the thickness was significantly correlated negatively with the absolute value of the nasal and overall average posterior staphyloma height (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The subfoveal scleral thickness was also significantly correlated negatively with the relative value of the superior, nasal, and overall average posterior staphyloma height (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001, respectively). Stepwise analyses showed that the factor most significantly associated with the scleral thickness was the average relative posterior staphyloma height (F=16.0, P<0.001). The scleral thickness was not significantly different between eyes with and without myopic retinochoroidal pathologies (P>0.05).
Posterior staphyloma formation was a key factor associated with a posterior scleral thinning in highly myopic eyes.
Abstract
Background
Air pollution is a serious problem in India. According to World Bank's data in 2015, about 660 million people were categorized as poor (US$3.20 per day per capita) in India and ...the proportion to total the population was 50.4 %. Even though the number and proportion are large, the effects on the poor people have not been studied very well. We measured the effects of air pollution on children of the poor and compared between urban and rural area in West Bengal, India.
Methods
24 male students (12.5 ± 0.8 years) in urban area (Kolkata) and 20 male students (12.5 ± 0.5 years) in rural area (Jata) were recruited. We measured fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), which was index of airway inflammation and checked allergic symptoms. The survey was conducted in January (dry season) and August (rainy season) 2019 to confirm a seasonal difference. Air quality index (AQI) in each area was used for index of air pollution.
Results
Average AQI was 335 (Kolkata) and 155 (Haldia: near Jata) for 2 months from December 2018 to January 2019, while average AQI was 51 (Kolkata) and 38 (Haldia) for 2 months from July to August 2019. As for FeNO in dry season, the value in Kolkata was 24.9 ± 16.1 and the value in Jata was 11.7 ± 3.5. As for FeNO in rainy season, the value in Kolkata was 22.3 ± 17.5 and the value in Jata was 16.8 ± 6.7. The value of FeNO in Kolkata was higher than Jata in either season. Although a seasonal difference was not detected in Kolkata, the value in dry season was lower than in rainy season in Jata. The prevalence of allergic symptoms in dry season was higher than in rainy season in Kolkata. On the other hand, there was no difference in the prevalence between dry and rainy season in Jata.
Conclusions
Even though AQI and the prevalence of allergic symptoms decreased, the value of FeNO did not decrease in Kolkata. Because AQI decreased, indoor air pollution might have influenced on airway. It is supposed that prevention of indoor air pollution is important.
Key messages
Airway of children in urban area may be influenced on by air pollution more than in rural area. Indoor air pollution may influence on children of the poor more than outdoor air pollution.
To determine whether there is a displacement of the fovea toward the optic disc after successful macular hole (MH) surgery with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling.
The medical records of 54 ...eyes of 53 patients that had undergone pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas or air tamponade for an idiopathic MH were evaluated. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) had been performed before and >6 months after the surgery. The preoperative distances between the center of the MH and the optic disc (MH-OD), center of the MH and the bifurcation or crossing of retinal vessels (MH-RV) were measured in the OCT images. In addition, the postoperative distance between the center of the fovea and optic disc (F-OD) and the center of the fovea and the same bifurcation or crossing of retinal vessels (F-RV) were measured in the OCT images.
The F-OD was 2.67±0.33 disc diameters (DD), which was significantly shorter than that of the MH-OD of 2.77±0.33 DD (P<0.001). The F-RV was also significantly shorter than the MH-RV on the inner nasal area (from 0.85±0.16DD to 0.79±0.15DD; P<0.001), the inner temporal area (from 0.82±0.15DD to 0.77±0.14DD; P<0.001), and outer nasal area (from 1.70±0.31DD to 1.65±0.32DD; P<0.001), but it was significantly longer than the MH-RV in the outer temporal area (from 1.65±0.29DD to 1.68±0.29DD; P<0.001).
Our results showed that successful closure of a MH by vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas tamponade leads to a displacement of the center of the macula toward the optic disc.
Severe retinal vascular occlusions resulting in blindness is a rare occurrence in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, we report a case of a 33-year-old female who developed ...combined central retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, and choroidopathy and rapidly became completely blind in both eyes within a week. The electroretinogram revealed a severely attenuated a-wave and b-wave, indicating a profound dysfunction of both choroidal and retinal circulation, respectively. The current case demonstrates objectively the functional impact of severe choroidopathy in SLE for the first time. Patients with unilateral blindness due to combined retinal/choroidal vascular obstructions should be monitored carefully to ensure adequate anticoagulant therapy in an attempt to guard the vision in the fellow eye.
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