Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) combines polymerization and self-assembly in a single step with distinct efficiency that has set it apart from the conventional solution self-assembly ...processes. PISA holds great promise for large-scale production, not only because of its efficient process for producing nano/micro-particles with high solid content, but also thanks to the facile control over the particle size and morphology. Since its invention, many research groups around the world have developed new and creative approaches to broaden the scope of PISA initiations, morphologies and applications,
etc.
The growing interest in PISA is certainly reflected in the increasing number of publications over the past few years, and in this review, we aim to summarize these recent advances in the emerging aspects of RAFT-mediated PISA. These include (1) non-thermal initiation processes, such as photo-, enzyme-, redox- and ultrasound-initiation; the achievements of (2) high-order structures, (3) hybrid materials and (4) stimuli-responsive nano-objects by design and adopting new monomers and new processes; (5) the efforts in the realization of upscale production by utilization of high throughput technologies, and finally the (6) applications of current PISA nano-objects in different fields and (7) its future directions.
A review that summarizes recent advances in the emerging field of polymerization-induced self-assembly. Topics ranging from initiation processes, morphologies and complex functional materials to applications and future directions are covered.
This review traces the development of addition–fragmentation chain transfer agents and related ring-opening monomers highlighting recent innovation in these areas. The major part of this review deals ...with reagents that give reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). These reagents include dithioesters, trithiocarbonates, dithiocarbamates and xanthates. The RAFT process is a versatile method for conferring living characteristics on radical polymerizations providing unprecedented control over molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, composition and architecture. It is suitable for most monomers polymerizable by radical polymerization and is robust under a wide range of reaction conditions. It provides a route to functional polymers, cyclopolymers, gradient copolymers, block polymers and star polymers.
Toward living radical polymerization Moad, Graeme; Rizzardo, Ezio; Thang, San H
Accounts of chemical research,
09/2008, Letnik:
41, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Radical polymerization is one of the most widely used processes for the commercial production of high-molecular-weight polymers. The main factors responsible for the preeminent position of radical ...polymerization are the ability to polymerize a wide array of monomers, tolerance of unprotected functionality in monomer and solvent, and compatibility with a variety of reaction conditions. Radical polymerization is simple to implement and inexpensive in relation to competitive technologies. However, conventional radical polymerization severely limits the degree of control that researchers can assert over molecular-weight distribution, copolymer composition, and macromolecular architecture. This Account focuses on nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) and polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), two of the more successful approaches for controlling radical polymerization. These processes illustrate two distinct mechanisms for conferring living characteristics on radical polymerization: reversible deactivation (in NMP) and reversible or degenerate chain transfer (in RAFT). We devised NMP in the early 1980s and have exploited this method extensively for the synthesis of styrenic and acrylic polymers. The technique has undergone significant evolution since that time. New nitroxides have led to faster polymerization rates at lower temperatures. However, NMP is only applicable to a restricted range of monomers. RAFT was also developed at CSIRO and has proven both more robust and more versatile. It is applicable to the majority of monomers subject to radical polymerization, but the success of the polymerization depends upon the selection of the RAFT agent for the monomers and reaction conditions. We and other groups have proposed guidelines for selection, and the polymerization of most monomers can be well-controlled to provide minimal retardation and a high fraction of living chains by using one of just two RAFT agents. For example, a tertiary cyanoalkyl trithiocarbonate is suited to (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide, and styrenic monomers, while a cyanomethyl xanthate or dithiocarbamate works with vinyl monomers, such as vinyl acetate or N-vinylpyrrolidone. With the appropriate choice of reagents and polymerization conditions, these reactions possess most of the attributes of living polymerization. We have used these methods in the synthesis of well-defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers and more complex architectures, including microgels and polymer brushes. Applications of these polymers include novel surfactants, dispersants, coatings and adhesives, biomaterials, membranes, drug-delivery media, electroactive materials, and other nanomaterials.
This paper provides a second update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible ...addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379-410). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669-692). This review cites over 500 papers that appeared during the period mid-2006 to mid-2009 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging from reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses and a diverse range of applications. Significant developments have occurred, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group removal and transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Stimuli‐responsive peptides and proteins are an exciting class of smart biomaterials for various applications and have received significant attention over the past decades. A wide variety of stimuli ...such as temperature, pH, ions, enzymes, magnetic field, redox, etc., are explored. This article provides a review of five intensively studied types of stimuli‐responsive peptides and proteins, their design principles and applications, including temperature‐, pH‐, light‐, metal ion‐, and enzyme‐responsive with an emphasis on the key design concepts and switch function. Moreover, typical examples of their applications are discussed to provide a better understanding of the design concept and underlying methodology. This review will facilitate and inspire future innovation toward new peptide‐ and protein‐based materials and their diverse applications.
This review highlights five intensively studied types of stimuli‐responsive peptides and proteins, their design principles, and applications, including temperature‐, pH‐, light‐, metal ion‐, and enzyme‐responsive smart biomolecules. This article will facilitate and inspire future innovation toward the development of new peptide‐ and protein‐based materials and their diverse applications.
Non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) lipid nanoparticles contain internal multidimensional nanostructures such as the inverse bicontinuous cubic and the inverse hexagonal mesophases, which ...can respond to external stimuli and have the potential of controlling drug release. To date, the internal LLC mesophase responsiveness of these lipid nanoparticles is largely achieved by adding ionizable small molecules to the parent lipid such as monoolein (MO), the mixture of which is then dispersed into nanoparticle suspensions by commercially available poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers. In this study, the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) technique was used to synthesize a series of novel amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs) containing a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block, a hydrophobic block and one or two responsive blocks, i.e., poly(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl acrylate) (PTBA) and/or poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). High throughput small angle X-ray scattering studies demonstrated that the synthesized ABCs could simultaneously stabilize a range of LLC MO nanoparticles (vesicles, cubosomes, hexosomes, inverse micelles) and provide internal particle nanostructure responsiveness to changes of hydrogen peroxide (H
O
) concentrations, pH and temperature. It was found that the novel functional ABCs can substitute for the commercial polymer stabilizer and the ionizable additive in the formation of next generation non-lamellar lipid nanoparticles. These novel formulations have the potential to control drug release in the tumor microenvironment with endogenous H
O
and acidic pH conditions.
A significant amount of research has been conducted in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, particularly over the past decade, and continues to evolve. This review presents the most recent advancements in ...synthetic methodologies and CO2 capture capabilities of diverse polymer‐based substances, which includes the amine‐based polymers, porous organic polymers, and polymeric membranes, covering publications in the last 5 years (2019–2024). It aims to assist researchers with new insights and approaches to develop innovative polymer‐based materials with improved capturing CO2 capacity, efficiency, sustainability, and cost‐effective, thereby addressing the current obstacles in carbon capture and storage to sooner meeting the net‐zero CO2 emission target.
This review is a state‐of‐the‐art account showcasing diverse polymer‐based substances that exhibits good to excellent carbon dioxide (CO2) capture performances that have been studied for implementation in all CO2 capture applications, from pre‐, oxyfuel‐, and post‐combustion captures, to direct air capture. Several key reasons of utilizing polymer‐based materials for CO2 capture includes their high selectivity towards CO2, tunability, and regenerability.
Membrane proteins (MPs) play a pivotal role in cellular function and are therefore predominant pharmaceutical targets. Although detailed understanding of MP structure and mechanistic activity is ...invaluable for rational drug design, challenges are associated with the purification and study of MPs. This review delves into the historical developments that became the prelude to currently available membrane mimetic technologies before shining a spotlight on polymer nanodiscs. These are soluble nanosized particles capable of encompassing MPs embedded in a phospholipid ring. The expanding range of reported amphipathic polymer nanodisc materials is presented and discussed in terms of their tolerance to different solution conditions and their nanodisc properties. Finally, the analytical scope of polymer nanodiscs is considered in both the demonstration of basic nanodisc parameters as well as in the elucidation of structures, lipid–protein interactions, and the functional mechanisms of reconstituted membrane proteins. The final emphasis is given to the unique benefits and applications demonstrated for native nanodiscs accessed through a detergent free process.
Discovering discs: Although understanding membrane protein (MP) structure and activity is invaluable for rational drug design, challenges are associated with purification and analysis of MPs. Synthetic polymer nanodiscs, structures that arise from amphipathic copolymers capturing membrane proteins and surrounding phospholipids, offer a convenient detergent‐free solution. This review explores the scope of possible analytical applications for polymer nanodiscs in the study of MPs and biomolecules.
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