This review gives a worldwide overview on Power-to-Gas projects producing hydrogen or renewable substitute natural gas focusing projects in central Europe. It deepens and completes the content of ...previous reviews by including hitherto unreviewed projects and by combining project names with details such as plant location. It is based on data from 153 completed, recent and planned projects since 1988 which were evaluated with regards to plant allocation, installed power development, plant size, shares and amounts of hydrogen or substitute natural gas producing examinations and product utilization phases. Cost development for electrolysis and carbon dioxide methanation was analyzed and a projection until 2030 is given with an outlook to 2050.
The results show substantial cost reductions for electrolysis as well as for methanation during the recent years and a further price decline to less than 500 euro per kilowatt electric power input for both technologies until 2050 is estimated if cost projection follows the current trend. Most of the projects examined are located in Germany, Denmark, the United States of America and Canada. Following an exponential global trend to increase installed power, today's Power-to-Gas applications are operated at about 39 megawatt. Hydrogen and substitute natural gas were investigated on equal terms concerning the number of projects.
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•Electrolysis and methanation costs are estimated to fall by up to 75% under 500 €/kWel until 2050.•Most projects are located in Germany, Denmark, the United States and Canada.•95 Power-to-Gas projects with a combined load of 38.6 MWel are active in early 2019.•Exponential global increase in installed PtG-capacity is expected between 1993 and 2050.•The years 2012–2015 mark a breakthrough in average plant size and installed capacity.
Abstract Background Nasal S. aureus decolonization reduces the risk of surgical site infections following orthopedic procedures. Povidone-iodine (PI)-based solutions have shown promising results in ...bacteria decolonization. However, the unique physiology of the nose may pose many challenges for the bioactivity profiles of PI solutions. We attempted to compare the antibacterial efficacy of an off-the-shelf PI product with a specifically-manufactured PI-based skin and nasal antiseptic (SNA). Methods This randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted at a single institution between April 2014 and July 2015. Four hundred twenty-nine patients undergoing primary or revision total joint arthroplasty, femoroacetabular osteoplasty, pelvic osteotomy, or total shoulder arthroplasty were included. 10% off-the-shelf PI, 5% PI based SNA, or saline (placebo) were used for nasal decolonization. Baseline cultures were taken immediately preoperatively, followed by treatment of both nares twice for 2 minutes with 4 applicators. Reculturing of the right nostril occurred at 4 hours and left nostril at 24 hours. There was no industry sponsorship for this study. Results Ninety-five of the 429 patients (22.1%) were positive for S. aureus ; 13 (3.03%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus . Of these 95, 29 were treated with off-the-shelf PI, 34 with SNA, and 32 with saline swabs. At 4 hours post-treatment, S. aureus culture was positive in 52% of off-the-shelf PI patients (15/29), 21% of SNA patients (7/34), and 59% of saline (19/32). After 24 hours post-treatment, S. aureus culture was positive in 72% of the off-the-shelf PI (21/29), 59% of the SNA (20/34), and 69% of the saline group (22/32). SNA was significantly more effective at decolonizing S. aureus over the 4-hour time interval (p=0.003); no significant difference was observed over the 24-hour time interval between the three groups. Conclusions A single application of PI-based SNA prior to surgery may be effective in eliminating nasal S. aureus in over two thirds of patients. Off-the-shelf PI swabs were not as effective at 4 hours as the specifically-manufactured product for S. aureus decolonization and may have similar efficacy as placebo, but the data is insufficient to establish equivalence.
Selon le modèle théorique de la « RSE stratégique », la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, définie comme un investissement dans la qualité des relations avec les parties-prenantes stratégiques ...de l’entreprise, s’intègre dans la logique économique de l’entreprise. Partant de l’hypothèse d’une corrélation universellement positive entre RSE et FI, la question se pose du processus et du contexte par lesquels cette création de valeur s’effectue : si la RSE est un investissement rentable, peut-on expliquer pourquoi et comment ?La base de données Gaïa-Index mise à disposition par l’agence de notation RSE française EthiFinance permet d’étudier cette question sur une population d’entreprises françaises cotées de taille moyenne (N=230) durant la période 2011-2013. Les résultats sont en cohérence avec le consensus théorique et empirique sur la RSE stratégique et montrent que le « facteur humain » est un élément fondamental du processus de création de valeur permettant d’associer performance RSE et performance financière.
According to the strategic CSR theory, corporate social responsibility « CSR », defined as an investment in the quality of relationships with strategic stakeholders, is consistent with the economic goals of the firm. A universal positive correlation between CSR performance and financial performance is hypothesized that raises questions about the process and contingencies through which value creation occurs: if CSR investment is beneficial, can we explain why and how?The Gaïa-Index database, provided by EthiFinance French CSR rating agency covering 230 french small and middle capitalizations from 2011 to 2013 is analyzed to address the research question. The results are consistent with theorical and empirical consensus and the “human factor” is pointed out as a critical determinant in the positive relationship associating CSR and financial performance.
Metal allergy in shoulder arthroplasty patients Kevin Ko, Jia-Wei, MD; Nicholson, Thema A., MS; Hoffler, C. Edward, MD ...
Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery,
10/2016, Letnik:
25, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Cette thèse se compose de trois études empiriques sur le commerce colonial Français. Le premier chapitre consiste d’une étude comparative entre le commerce Franco-colonial et le commerce Français ...avec d'autres groupes de colonies et pays afin d'analyser la nature et la dynamique du commerce sectoriel Français dans la période 1880 jusqu’à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale. A la base, ce chapitre décrit la construction et restructuration complète des différentes données historiques primaires sur la valeur du commerce sectoriel Français. Les résultats mettent en évidence une tendance commune du commerce Franco-colonial. En particulier, le commerce de la France avec ses colonies a été principalement basé sur les importations de produits de matière première et sur les exportations de produits manufacturés. Cette évidence confirme que l'Empire colonial a été un débouché principal pour exportations de la France et un réservoir essentiel de matières premières. Les statistiques montrent également que suite à la colonisation des colonies Françaises, les échanges commerciaux entre la France et ses colonies ont augmenté, tandis que la colonisation de la Grande-Bretagne et des autres métropoles n'a pas affecté le commerce entre la France et colonies anglaises et européennes. Les résultats ne révèlent pas un avantage comparatif en faveur de ces colonies. Le deuxième chapitre étudie comment la stratégie coloniale illustrée par le nombre des colons Européens installés dans les colonies a affecté la structure du commerce Français. On applique un modèle de gravité dont les résultats montrent que les colonies françaises ayant plus de colons Français dans leurs territoires s’engagent plus dans des relations de commerce avec la France, alors que l'inverse est vrai pour les autres colonies. Ce chapitre examine en outre deux canaux par lesquels l’installation des colons européens pourrait avoir affecté les échanges commerciaux entre la France et les colonies: les institutions et les réseaux. Les résultats montrent que meilleures sont les institutions dans les colonies Françaises, moins est le commerce avec la France, alors que ces meilleures institutions facilitent le commerce de la France avec les colonies anglaises. Ces résultats sont cohérents avec la nature extractive du commerce Franco-colonial. Les réseaux ont un impact positif sur le commerce de la France avec ses colonies, mais un impact négatif sur le commerce avec les autres colonies. Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, on étudie la relation entre le type de biens que les colonies exportent vers la France et la croissance économique ultérieure de ces pays. Une explication commune pour le nexus exportations-croissance est la qualité des institutions établies dans ces colonies pendant la période coloniale. Afin d'étudier l'impact du commerce colonial sur la croissance économique par l’intermédiaire des institutions, on applique l’approche PLS du modèle d’équations structurelles. Grace à cette méthode, nous sommes en mesure de tirer simultanément l'importance relative et du commerce et des institutions sur la croissance, tout en tenant compte des problèmes de multicolinéarité entre ces variables, leurs erreurs de mesures et des problèmes de taille de petits échantillons. Les résultats évoquent un rôle commun et important du commerce colonial et de la qualité des institutions en déterminant la croissance économique des pays à long terme. En particulier les colonies françaises qui ont exporté des matières premières a la France ont développé des institutions extractives, ce qui a affecté négativement leur développement aujourd'hui, tandis que celles qui ont exporté des produits manufacturés performent mieux économiquement aujourd'hui. Parmi les colonies anglaises et les autres colonies européennes, les exportations de matières premières et de produits manufacturés vers la France ont contribué à de meilleures institutions et donc à un meilleur développement économique a long-terme.
This thesis consists of three empirical papers on French colonial trade patterns: Chapter 1 undertakes a comparative study between Franco-colonial trade and French trade with other groups of countries in order to analyse the nature and dynamic of French sectoral trade for the period starting 1880 until the eve of the WWI. Initially it presents a complete description of the construction and restructure of the various primary historical. Results highlight a common trend regarding Franco-colonial trade. In particular, French trade with its colonies was mainly based on imports of primary products and exports of manufactured goods meaning that the Empire was used as the main dispenser of French exports and their main provider of natural resources. Statistics also emphasize that the event of colonization was followed by an increase in trade between France and its colonies, while colonization from Britain and other metropolis did not impact trade between France and British/ other colonies. This chapter finally reveals that trade with French colonies was unbalanced with no advantage in favor of those colonies. Chapter 2 investigates how the colonial strategy through the settlement decision affected French trade patterns. Using a gravity model, results show that French colonies with more European settlements traded more with France, whereas the opposite is true for other colonies. The chapter further investigates two channels through which European settlements might have affected the French trade pattern with colonies: institutions and networking. Results show that better institutions brought by European settlements had a negative impact on trade with French colonies, while it promoted trade with British colonies. These results are consistent with the extractive nature of French trade relations with its colonies. As for networking, it increases overall French trade within French colonies but reduces it in other colonies. Finally in the last chapter we investigate the relation between the type of goods colonies exported to France and those economies' later development. A common explanation for the export-growth nexus is the quality of institutions established in those colonies during the colonial period. In order to investigate the impact of colonial trade on current growth through the mediation of institutions, we apply the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. With this method we are able to simultaneously derive the relative importance of trade and of institutions on growth, while taking into account multicollinearity between the variables, their measurements errors and small sample size issues. The results suggest an important joint role for both trade and institutions in determining economic development in the long run. In particular French colonies who exported raw material developed extractive institutions, which negatively affected development today, while those who exported manufactured goods experience better economic performance today. Among British and other colonies, however, higher exports of both raw materials and of manufactured goods to France are associated with better institutions, which lead to better economic performance in the long-run.
Cette revue présente divers aspects des démences vasculaires (DV), dont la définition a bien évolué depuis la démence par infarctus multiple de Hachinski. Nous avons abordé plus particulièrement les ...critères diagnostiques actuels des démences vasculaires, leur histoire naturelle encore mal connue, leurs aspects neuroradiologiques morphologiques et fonctionnels, les difficultés de l’épidémiologie de ces affections, la notion récente de liens avec la maladie d’Alzheimer et le problème des démences dites mixtes. L’évolution du concept de démences vasculaires vers une notion plus large de « désordres cognitifs d’origine vasculaire », incluant un stade de trouble cognitif vasculaire dans lequel le sujet n’est pas dément, est évoquée. Enfin, une brève revue des traitements actuels est présentée.
The concept of vascular dementia greatly evolved since Hachinski's description of multi-infarct dementia. Vascular dementias are reviewed with emphasis on current diagnostic criteria, elusive natural history, neuroradiological aspects, difficult epidemiological features and intriguing links with Alzheimer's disease. The recent proposed shift from vascular dementias to a broader definition of “vascular cognitive disorders”, including non demented subjects with “vascular cognitive impairment”, is described, followed by a brief review of current treatments.
This contribution reports on the synthesis and the main physical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized for the first time by a completely green process using Agathosma betulina plant extract as ...an effective chelating agent. The surface/interface and volume room temperature properties of these quasi-spherical 15.8nm in size ZnO nanoparticle by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, X-rays diffraction, attenuated total reflection IR and Raman spectroscopy are reported. Likewise, a spark sintered pellet made of such nanoparticles exhibited a significant nonlinear current–voltage exponential response characteristic of a varistor.
•1st time synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by a green process via Agathosma betulina leaves’ extract.•Agathosma betulina leaves natural extract was used as an effective reduction/oxidizing agent.•Pure ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed via HRTEM, EDS, XRD, ATR-FTIR, and Raman.
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