The Juno spacecraft acquired direct observations of the jovian magnetosphere and auroral emissions from a vantage point above the poles. Juno’s capture orbit spanned the jovian magnetosphere from bow ...shock to the planet, providing magnetic field, charged particle, and wave phenomena context for Juno’s passage over the poles and traverse of Jupiter’s hazardous inner radiation belts. Juno’s energetic particle and plasma detectors measured electrons precipitating in the polar regions, exciting intense aurorae, observed simultaneously by the ultraviolet and infrared imaging spectrographs. Juno transited beneath the most intense parts of the radiation belts, passed about 4000 kilometers above the cloud tops at closest approach, well inside the jovian rings, and recorded the electrical signatures of high-velocity impacts with small particles as it traversed the equator.
In July 2016, NASA’s
Juno
mission becomes the first spacecraft to enter polar orbit of Jupiter and venture deep into unexplored polar territories of the magnetosphere. Focusing on these polar ...regions, we review current understanding of the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere and summarize the outstanding issues. The
Juno
mission profile involves (a) a several-week approach from the dawn side of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, with an orbit-insertion maneuver on July 6, 2016; (b) a 107-day capture orbit, also on the dawn flank; and (c) a series of thirty 11-day science orbits with the spacecraft flying over Jupiter’s poles and ducking under the radiation belts. We show how
Juno’s
view of the magnetosphere evolves over the year of science orbits. The
Juno
spacecraft carries a range of instruments that take particles and fields measurements, remote sensing observations of auroral emissions at UV, visible, IR and radio wavelengths, and detect microwave emission from Jupiter’s radiation belts. We summarize how these
Juno
measurements address issues of auroral processes, microphysical plasma physics, ionosphere-magnetosphere and satellite-magnetosphere coupling, sources and sinks of plasma, the radiation belts, and the dynamics of the outer magnetosphere. To reach Jupiter, the
Juno
spacecraft passed close to the Earth on October 9, 2013, gaining the necessary energy to get to Jupiter. The Earth flyby provided an opportunity to test
Juno
’s instrumentation as well as take scientific data in the terrestrial magnetosphere, in conjunction with ground-based and Earth-orbiting assets.
Photon-counting detector CT is a new technology with a limiting spatial resolution of ≤150 μm. In vivo comparisons between photon-counting detector CT and conventional energy-integrating detector CT ...are needed to determine the clinical impact of photon counting-detector CT in temporal bone imaging.
Prospectively recruited patients underwent temporal bone CT examinations on an investigational photon-counting detector CT system after clinically indicated temporal bone energy-integrating detector CT. Photon-counting detector CT images were obtained at an average 31% lower dose compared with those obtained on the energy-integrating detector CT scanner. Reconstructed images were evaluated in axial, coronal, and Pöschl planes using the smallest available section thickness on each system (0.4 mm on energy-integrating detector CT; 0.2 mm on photon-counting detector CT). Two blinded neuroradiologists compared images side-by-side and scored them using a 5-point Likert scale. A post hoc reassignment of readers' scores was performed so that the scores reflected photon-counting detector CT performance relative to energy-integrating detector CT.
Thirteen patients were enrolled, resulting in 26 image sets (left and right sides). The average patient age was 63.6 SD, 13.4 years; 7 were women. Images from the photon-counting detector CT scanner were significantly preferred by the readers in all reconstructed planes (
< .001). Photon-counting detector CT was rated superior for the evaluation of all individual anatomic structures, with the oval window (4.79) and incudostapedial joint (4.75) receiving the highest scores on a Likert scale of 1-5.
Temporal bone CT images obtained on a photon-counting detector CT scanner were rated as having superior spatial resolution and better critical structure visualization than those obtained on a conventional energy-integrating detector scanner, even with a substantial dose reduction.
Jupiter’s interior and deep atmosphere Bolton, S. J.; Adriani, A.; Adumitroaie, V. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
05/2017, Letnik:
356, Številka:
6340
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
On 27 August 2016, the Juno spacecraft acquired science observations of Jupiter, passing less than 5000 kilometers above the equatorial cloud tops. Images of Jupiter's poles show a chaotic scene, ...unlike Saturn's poles. Microwave sounding reveals weather features at pressures deeper than 100 bars, dominated by an ammonia-rich, narrow low-latitude plume resembling a deeper, wider version of Earth's Hadley cell. Near-infrared mapping reveals the relative humidity within prominent downwelling regions. Juno's measured gravity field differs substantially from the last available estimate and is one order of magnitude more precise. This has implications for the distribution of heavy elements in the interior, including the existence and mass of Jupiter's core. The observed magnetic field exhibits smaller spatial variations than expected, indicative of a rich harmonic content.
ABSTRACT
We introduce ProSpect, a generative galaxy spectral energy distribution (SED) package that encapsulates the best practices for SED methodologies in a number of astrophysical domains. ...ProSpect comes with two popular families of stellar population libraries (BC03 and EMILES), and a large variety of methods to construct star formation and metallicity histories. It models dust through the use of a Charlot & Fall attenuation model, with re-emission using Dale far-infrared templates. It also has the ability to model active galactic nucleus (AGN) through the inclusion of a simple AGN and hot torus model. Finally, it makes use of MAPPINGS-III photoionization tables to produce line emission features. We test the generative and inversion utility of ProSpect through application to the Shark galaxy formation semi-analytic code, and informed by these results produce fits to the final ultraviolet to far-infrared photometric catalogues produces by the Galaxy and Mass Assembly Survey. As part of the testing of ProSpect, we also produce a range of simple photometric stellar mass approximations covering a range of filters for both observed frame and rest-frame photometry.
The Juno Mission Bolton, S. J.; Lunine, J.; Stevenson, D. ...
Space science reviews,
11/2017, Letnik:
213, Številka:
1-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Juno is a PI-led mission to Jupiter, the second mission in NASA’s New Frontiers Program. The 3625-kg spacecraft spins at 2 rpm and is powered by three 9-meter-long solar arrays that provide ∼500 ...watts in orbit about Jupiter. Juno carries eight science instruments that perform nine science investigations (radio science utilizes the communications antenna). Juno’s science objectives target Jupiter’s origin, interior, and atmosphere, and include an investigation of Jupiter’s polar magnetosphere and luminous aurora.
There is a recognised need for a fundamental change in how the UK manages urban water and flood risk in response to increasingly frequent rainfall events coupled with planned urban expansion. ...Approaches centred on 'living with and making space for water' are increasingly adopted internationally. Nonetheless, widespread implementation of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) is currently hampered by barriers that impede uptake and innovation. We investigate the barriers to implementation of BGI in Newcastle, UK, through a series of semi-structured interviews with professional stakeholders. We identify and categorise 17 types of barrier and identify targeted strategies to overcome the dominant barriers. We recommend promotion of BGI's capacity to meet the objectives of multiple organisations and Local Authority departments, in addition to managing urban water. We conclude that strong business cases, supported by monetised evidence of benefits, and collaborative, inter-agency working could advance implementation of BGI within the current flood risk management legislation.
Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, particularly those of black race, are at high-risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but contributing factors are evolving. We ...hypothesized that improvements in HIV treatment have led to declines in risk of ESRD, particularly among HIV-infected blacks. Methods. Using data from the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration for Research and Design from January 2000 to December 2009, we validated 286 incident ESRD cases using abstracted medical evidence of dialysis (lasting >6 months) or renal transplant. A total of 38 354 HIV-infected adults aged 18–80 years contributed 159 825 person-years (PYs). Age- and sex-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated by race. Poisson regression was used to identify predictors of ESRD. Results. HIV-infected ESRD cases were more likely to be of black race, have diabetes mellitus or hypertension, inject drugs, and/or have a prior AIDS-defining illness. The overall SIR was 3.2 (95% confidence interval CI, 2.8–3.6) but was significantly higher among black patients (4.5 95% CI, 3.9–5.2). ESRD incidence declined from 532 to 303 per 100 000 PYs and 138 to 34 per 100 000 PYs over the time period for blacks and nonblacks, respectively, coincident with notable increases in both the prevalence of viral suppression and the prevalence of ESRD risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Conclusions. The risk of ESRD remains high among HIV-infected individuals in care but is declining with improvements in virologic suppression. HIV-infected black persons continue to comprise the majority of cases, as a result of higher viral loads, comorbidities, and genetic susceptibility.
Abstract
We perform the first simultaneous Bayesian parameter inference and optimal reconstruction of the gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), using 100 deg
2
of ...polarization observations from the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. These data reach noise levels as low as 5.8
μ
K arcmin in polarization, which are low enough that the typically used quadratic estimator (QE) technique for analyzing CMB lensing is significantly suboptimal. Conversely, the Bayesian procedure extracts all lensing information from the data and is optimal at any noise level. We infer the amplitude of the gravitational lensing potential to be
A
ϕ
=
0.949
±
0.122
using the Bayesian pipeline, consistent with our QE pipeline result, but with 17% smaller error bars. The Bayesian analysis also provides a simple way to account for systematic uncertainties, performing a similar job as frequentist “bias hardening” or linear bias correction, and reducing the systematic uncertainty on
A
ϕ
due to polarization calibration from almost half of the statistical error to effectively zero. Finally, we jointly constrain
A
ϕ
along with
A
L
, the amplitude of lensing-like effects on the CMB power spectra, demonstrating that the Bayesian method can be used to easily infer parameters both from an optimal lensing reconstruction and from the delensed CMB, while exactly accounting for the correlation between the two. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the Bayesian approach on real data, and pave the way for future analysis of deep CMB polarization measurements with SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, where improvements relative to the QE can reach 1.5 times tighter constraints on
A
ϕ
and seven times lower effective lensing reconstruction noise.
Objective
Simplified measures to quantify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity are increasingly used. The minimum clinically important differences (MCID) for some measures, such as the Clinical ...Disease Activity Index (CDAI), have not been well‐defined in real‐world clinic settings, especially for early RA patients with low/moderate disease activity.
Methods
Data from Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort patients were used to examine absolute change in CDAI in the first year after enrollment, stratified by disease activity. MCID cut points were derived to optimize the sum of sensitivity and specificity versus the gold standard of patient self‐reported improvement or worsening. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were calculated against patient self‐reported improvement (gold standard) and for change in pain, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) improvement. Discrimination was examined using the area under receiver operator curves. Similar methods were used to evaluate MCIDs for worsening for patients who achieved low disease activity.
Results
A total of 578 patients (mean ± SD age 54.1 ± 15.3 years, 75% women, median interquartile range disease duration 5.3 3.3, 8.0 months) contributed 1,169 visit pairs to the improvement analysis. The MCID cut points for improvement were 12 (patients starting in high disease activity: CDAI >22), 6 (moderate: CDAI 10–22), and 1 (low disease activity: CDAI <10). Performance characteristics were acceptable using these cut points for pain, HAQ, and DAS28. The MCID for CDAI worsening among patients who achieved low disease activity was 2 units.
Conclusion
These minimum important absolute differences in CDAI can be used to evaluate improvement and worsening and increase the utility of CDAI in clinical practice.
PDF
