Summary
The purpose of this work was to examine the relationships between geographical coordinates and the prevalence of winter depression (SADW), and to compare the sleep characteristics and ...chronotype of youths with and without SADW. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of self‐reported sleep characteristics, chronotype and winter depression in northern European Russia. Two questionnaires, the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), were administered to a total of 3435 adolescents aged 10–20 years (1517 males and 1918 females). The prevalence of SADW in the study population was 8.4% and sub‐SADW 11.8%. Four variables predicted the likelihood of SADW in youths: sex higher in females: odds ratio (OR): 1.87, P < 0.0001, age (increases with age: OR: 1.09, P < 0.001), latitude (higher in the North: OR: 1.49, P < 0.029) and position in the time zone (higher in the West: OR: 1.61, P < 0.001). Later sleeping and waking, longer sleep latencies, more severe sleep inertia, shorter total sleep times and lower sleep efficiencies were observed in both males and females with SADW. The influence of SADW on sleep characteristics was more pronounced on school days. Significant phase delays of the sleep–wake rhythm and severe social jetlag (the difference between the mid‐point of sleep phase at weekends and on workdays) were observed in females with SADW, but not in males. There are significant differences in sleep characteristics and chronotype between people with SADW and no‐SAD. We demonstrate that both latitude of residence and location within the time zone are significant predictors of SADW in young inhabitants of the North.
Previous studies indicate that solar clock (daily changes in the Earth's surface illumination) is a main zeitgeber for human circadian system. It has been shown that human biological clock is weakly ...adjusted to such changes in social clock as daylight saving time (DST). There are two changes of social clock in Russian Federation: on 25 March 2011, DST has been replaced by permanent DST (DSTp), which was subsequently revoked on 26 October 2014 (non-DSTp). These manipulations with social clock may lead to prolonged disturbances of human circadian system. Our hypothesis is that during period of DSTp, the dissociation between social and biological clocks was greatest as compared with DST and non-DSTp periods. Here, we examine the effects of DSTp on the sleep timing, social jetlag (SJL), academic performance, and winter and summer seasonality of mood and behavior of 10-24-year-old inhabitants of European North of Russia. A cross-sectional retrospective analysis of questionnaire data (n = 7968) was performed using chi squared-test and analysis of covariance. Our findings indicate that SJL (F
2,7967
= 31.9; p < 0.0001; η
2
= 0.009), and winter pattern of mood seasonality (χ
2
2,7967
= 10.5; p < 0.01) were increased in adolescents during the period of DSTp as compared with DST and non-DSTp periods. The largest increase in SJL was occurred in ages between 10 and 17-year-olds. The finding suggests that increase in SJL can be attributed to a later rise time on free days (F
2,7967
= 44.9; p < 0.0001; η
2
= 0.012). Similar changes were observed in three subsamples obtained in Syktyvkar, Petrozavodsk, and Vorkuta. Effect sizes of studied relationships were small or very small. The greatest effect sizes (η
2
∼ 0.05) were observed in Arctic city of Vorkuta indicating that in polar region, solar clock is still stronger zeitgeber for human circadian system, than the social clock. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that there is a greatest dissociation between social and biological clocks during the period of DSTp which potentially exerts a negative influence on adolescents' sleep habits, mood, and behavior. Our data indicate that "non-DSTp" social clock system most suitable for prevention dissociation between social and biological clocks.
Buerger s disease, or thromboangiitis obliterans, is a severe invalidating systemic vascular disease. The present article deals with a clinical case report concerning treatment of a patient suffering ...from thromboangiitis obliterans with three limbs amputated (on the background of therapy with alprostadil, Karavanov s mixture, rheopolyglukin, pentoxyphyllin). The course intravenous administration of the stable analogue of prostacyclin - iloprost (IlomedinR) made it possible to save the only extremity.
Based on the model polyimide systems the principal nonlinear optical features, such as laser induced refractive indices changes, nonlinear refraction and third order susceptibility have been ...established during their doping with fullerenes, shungites, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, quantum dots, etc. The evidence of the correlation between laser induced refractive indices and charge carrier mobility has been obtained. The features of new nanocomposites for their possible optoelectronics, laser techniques and solar energy applications have been considered.
Bats are the natural reservoirs of a number of high-impact viral zoonoses. We present a quantitative analysis to address the hypothesis that bats are unique in their propensity to host zoonotic ...viruses based on a comparison with rodents, another important host order. We found that bats indeed host more zoonotic viruses per species than rodents, and we identified life-history and ecological factors that promote zoonotic viral richness. More zoonotic viruses are hosted by species whose distributions overlap with a greater number of other species in the same taxonomic order (sympatry). Specifically in bats, there was evidence for increased zoonotic viral richness in species with smaller litters (one young), greater longevity and more litters per year. Furthermore, our results point to a new hypothesis to explain in part why bats host more zoonotic viruses per species: the stronger effect of sympatry in bats and more viruses shared between bat species suggests that interspecific transmission is more prevalent among bats than among rodents. Although bats host more zoonotic viruses per species, the total number of zoonotic viruses identified in bats (61) was lower than in rodents (68), a result of there being approximately twice the number of rodent species as bat species. Therefore, rodents should still be a serious concern as reservoirs of emerging viruses. These findings shed light on disease emergence and perpetuation mechanisms and may help lead to a predictive framework for identifying future emerging infectious virus reservoirs.
The feral horses of Sable Island are a geographically isolated population located ∼160 km off the east coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. Because these horses have no contact with domestic animals, have ...minimal contact with people, and have never received antimicrobials, they offer a unique opportunity to study the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in unmanaged populations. As part of an ongoing multidisciplinary and individual-based monitoring program, we collected feces from 508 geolocalized horses (92% of the total population) between July and September 2014. We selectively cultured Escherichia coli on MacConkey and CHROMagar ESBL media. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined, and organisms resistant to β-lactam antimicrobials were screened for β-lactamase genes by PCR. Escherichia coli was recovered from 146 (28.7%) individuals, and the majority of isolates (97%) were susceptible to all drugs tested. Resistance to tetracycline was most common, including organisms isolated from 4 (2.7%) of the colonized horses. A single isolate resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and ceftiofur was identified, which possessed the CTX-M-1 gene. Our findings demonstrate that although antimicrobial resistance is not common in this remote population, clinically relevant resistance genes are present.
PDF
