Titania nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning and characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nanofibers were annealed to ...773
K to achieve the anatase titania crystal structure, and to 1173
K to obtain the rutile phase. In order to create erbia-containing titania nanofibers, erbium (III) oxide particles were added to the pre-cursor solution before electrospinning. After pyrolysis the titania nanofibers supported and encapsulated the erbia particles. Temperature-dependent near-infrared emission spectra demonstrate that the erbia-containing nanofibers emit selectively in the range 6000–7000
cm
−1. Because of their large surface to volume ratios and narrow-band optical emission, these nanofibers can be used as selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic applications.
The charged defect states in chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) are responsible for the hopping conduction. The estimation of the density of defect states (i.e., DDS) is a crucial task when we choose a ...specific ChG as electronic material for its utilization in industry-level applications. ChGs are also famous as electronic materials since they possess exceptional electrical properties (e.g., thermally governed ac/dc conduction, resistive switching, dielectric dispersion). The present study reports the results of the low-temperature dc conductivity measurements in some multicomponent glasses of SeTeSnPb. For this, the dc conductivity has been measured in the low-temperature range. The detailed analysis of obtained data indicates that the dc conductivity obeys Mott’s T
−1/4
law in this region. The DDS has been determined and its composition dependence is also discussed.
The silt concentration in Himalayan region is very high and the Kaplan turbine running in these rivers are usually seriously abraded. The appearance of silt enhanced the probability of cavitation. ...Under combined erosion (silt + cavitation), the performance of Kaplan turbine may be reduce which results in decrease in efficiency of the turbine. In present study Kaplan turbine rated capacity 7 MW is simulated for CFD analysis of combined erosion in Kaplan turbine. The simulation investigated for Kaplan turbine under various operation conditions namely; pure water, cavitation erosion, silt erosion and combined erosion.
A new class of potent dopamine D4 antagonists was discovered with selectivity over dopamine D2 and the α‐1 adrenoceptor. The lead compound was discovered by screening our compound collection. The ...structure–activity relationships of substituted isoindoline rings and the chirality about the hydroxymethyl side chain were explored. The isoindoline analogues showed modest differences in potency and selectivity. The S enantiomer proved to be the more potent enantiomer at the D4 receptor. Several analogues with greater than 100‐fold selectivity for D4 over D2 and the α‐1 adrenoreceptor were discovered. Several selective analogues were active in vivo upon oral or intraperitoneal administration. A chiral synthesis starting from either D‐ or L‐O‐benzylserine is also described.
Antipsycotic drugs without side effects may eventually result from further research on a new class of potent and selective D4 antagonists with oral activity. A series of isoindolinyl compounds (see scheme) was synthesized. The structure–activity relationships of the substituted isoindoline rings and the importance of the chirality about the hydroxymethyl side chain were explored by measurement of inhibition constants for binding of the compounds to dopamine D4 and D2 receptors and the α‐1 adrenoreceptor.
4,5‐Dihydro‐3‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐thieno4,3,2‐ef1,4benzoxazepine maleate 2 has been synthesized from 3‐amino‐4‐fluorobenzofcthiophene by employing an intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic fluoride ...displacement. In the presence of strong base and heat, 2 rearranges to form the isomeric hemiaminal, 3,4‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐3‐(4‐pyridinyl)thieno4,3,2‐ef1,3benzoxazine 10. A proposed mechanism for this rearrangement is discussed.
This study explores the benefits of assimilating SMOS soil moisture retrievals for hydrologic modeling, with a focus on soil moisture and streamflow simulations in the Murray Darling Basin, ...Australia. In this basin, floods occur relatively frequently and initial catchment storage is known to be key to runoff generation. The land surface model is the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. The model is calibrated using the available streamflow records of 169 gauge stations across the Murray Darling Basin. The VIC soil moisture forecast is sequentially updated with observations from the SMOS Level 3 CATDS (Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS) soil moisture product using the Ensemble Kalman filter. The assimilation algorithm accounts for the spatial mismatch between the model (0.125°) and the SMOS observation (25km) grids. Three widely-used methods for removing bias between model simulations and satellite observations of soil moisture are evaluated. These methods match the first, second and higher order moments of the soil moisture distributions, respectively. In this study, the first order bias correction, i.e. the rescaling of the long term mean, is the recommended method. Preserving the observational variability of the SMOS soil moisture data leads to improved soil moisture updates, particularly for dry and wet conditions, and enhances initial conditions for runoff generation. Second or higher order bias correction, which includes a rescaling of the variance, decreases the temporal variability of the assimilation results. In comparison with in situ measurements of OzNet, the assimilation with mean bias correction reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) of the modeled soil moisture from 0.058m3/m3 to 0.046m3/m3 and increases the correlation from 0.564 to 0.714. These improvements in antecedent wetness conditions further translate into improved predictions of associated water fluxes, particularly runoff peaks. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly demonstrate the merit of SMOS data assimilation for soil moisture and streamflow predictions at the large scale.
•SMOS data assimilation improves model simulations of soil moisture.•Improved antecedent wetness conditions propagate to streamflow improvements.•The method applied for bias correction largely impacts the assimilation results.•Most improvements are in the simulation of runoff peak flows.
The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has the potential to improve the predictive skill of land surface models through the assimilation of its observations. Several alternate products ...can be distinguished: the observed brightness temperature (TB) data at coarse scale, indirect estimates of soil moisture (SM) through the inversion of the coarse-scale TB observations, and fine-scale soil moisture through the a priori downscaling of coarse-scale soil moisture. The SMOS TB products include observations over a large range of incidence angles at both H- and V-polarizations, which allows the merit of assimilating the full set of multi-angular/polarization observations, as opposed to specific sub-sets of observations, to be assessed. This study investigates the performance of various observation scenarios with respect to soil moisture and streamflow predictions in the Murray Darling Basin. The observations are assimilated into the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, coupled to the Community Microwave Emission Modeling (CMEM) platform, using the Ensemble Kalman filter. The assimilation of these various observation products is assessed under similar realistic assimilation settings, without optimization, and validated by comparison of the modeled soil moisture and streamflow to in situ measurements across the basin. The best results are achieved from assimilation of the coarse-scale SM observations. The reduced improvement using downscaled SM is probably due to a lower number of observations, as a result of cloud cover effects on the downscaling method. The assimilation of TB was found to be a promising alternative, which led to improvements in soil moisture prediction approaching those of the coarse-scale SM assimilation.
•The assimilation of SMOS data improves model simulations of soil moisture.•The assimilation has a limited impact on streamflow simulations.•Soil moisture assimilation performs better than brightness temperature assimilation.•Soil moisture downscaling is hampered by cloud cover reducing the assimilation impact.
Daratumumab, a human IgGκ monoclonal antibody that targets CD38, induces direct and indirect antimyeloma activity and has shown substantial efficacy as monotherapy in heavily pretreated patients with ...multiple myeloma, as well as in combination with bortezomib in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.
In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 498 patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma to receive bortezomib (1.3 mg per square meter of body-surface area) and dexamethasone (20 mg) alone (control group) or in combination with daratumumab (16 mg per kilogram of body weight) (daratumumab group). The primary end point was progression-free survival.
A prespecified interim analysis showed that the rate of progression-free survival was significantly higher in the daratumumab group than in the control group; the 12-month rate of progression-free survival was 60.7% in the daratumumab group versus 26.9% in the control group. After a median follow-up period of 7.4 months, the median progression-free survival was not reached in the daratumumab group and was 7.2 months in the control group (hazard ratio for progression or death with daratumumab vs. control, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.53; P<0.001). The rate of overall response was higher in the daratumumab group than in the control group (82.9% vs. 63.2%, P<0.001), as were the rates of very good partial response or better (59.2% vs. 29.1%, P<0.001) and complete response or better (19.2% vs. 9.0%, P=0.001). Three of the most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events reported in the daratumumab group and the control group were thrombocytopenia (45.3% and 32.9%, respectively), anemia (14.4% and 16.0%, respectively), and neutropenia (12.8% and 4.2%, respectively). Infusion-related reactions that were associated with daratumumab treatment were reported in 45.3% of the patients in the daratumumab group; these reactions were mostly grade 1 or 2 (grade 3 in 8.6% of the patients), and in 98.2% of these patients, they occurred during the first infusion.
Among patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, daratumumab in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone resulted in significantly longer progression-free survival than bortezomib and dexamethasone alone and was associated with infusion-related reactions and higher rates of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia than bortezomib and dexamethasone alone. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02136134.).
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in mice mediate optimal protective immunity to infection and vaccination, while in humans, the existence and properties of TRMs remain unclear. Here, we use a ...unique human tissue resource to determine whether human tissue memory T cells constitute a distinct subset in diverse mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We identify a core transcriptional profile within the CD69+ subset of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lung and spleen that is distinct from that of CD69− TEM cells in tissues and circulation and defines human TRMs based on homology to the transcriptional profile of mouse CD8+ TRMs. Human TRMs in diverse sites exhibit increased expression of adhesion and inhibitory molecules, produce both pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, and have reduced turnover compared with circulating TEM, suggesting unique adaptations for in situ immunity. Together, our results provide a unifying signature for human TRM and a blueprint for designing tissue-targeted immunotherapies.
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•CD69+ memory T cells predominate in multiple tissues throughout the human body•A core signature defining human TRMs is enriched within CD69+ tissue memory T cells•Human TRMs have unique adhesion and migratory abilities and functional capacities•Human TRMs exhibiting the core profile populate multiple lymphoid and mucosal sites
Kumar et al. identify a core transcriptional and phenotypic signature that defines human TRMs for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that is preserved across diverse individuals and in mucosal and lymphoid sites.
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