The aim of this study was to assess demographic data, clinical presentation, metabolic features, and treatment in 76 children with urolithiasis presented from 2002 to 2011. Urolithiasis is ...responsible for 2.5/1,000 pediatric hospitalizations, with new cases diagnosed in 1.1/1,000 admissions. From the observed period, two-fold rise of incidence rate was observed. Compiling the data from other pediatric institutions in our country, we estimated present overall incidence rate in Croatia as 6.5/100,000 children under 18 years. There were 41 boys and 35 girls (ratio 1.17:1). The mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 (range 0.8–16) years and follow-up duration was 5.3 (range 1.8–10) years. Renal colic (75.0 %) and hematuria (57.89 %) were the main symptoms. In 65.78 % of children, stones were unilateral. Stones were located in kidney in 52.63 %, in the ureter in 26.32 %, and in bladder in 6.58 % cases. Stone analysis showed calcium oxalate in 75.0 % of the cases. Associated urinary tract abnormalities were found in 19.73 % children. Most common metabolic disturbances were hypercalciuria (47.37 %) and idiopathic or mild hyperoxaluria (18.42 %). Urine saturation (EQUIL2) was elevated in 61.84 % cases. Spontaneous stone evacuation occurred in 51.21 % children. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, surgical evacuation, and endoscopic removal of calculi were performed in 21.0, 6.58, and 5.26 % of cases, respectively. Follow-up conservative therapy, consisting of fluid/diet recommendations and additional potassium citrate and/or chlorothiazide in children with increased risk, was sufficient for stone recurrence prevention in 92.1 % of children. In
conclusion
, the study gave insight in epidemiology and metabolic disturbances of urinary stone disease in Croatian children.
Summary
Background
Cyclosporine A-associated neurotoxicity has been reported mainly after organ transplantation. Only a small number of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and ...cyclosporine A-associated neurotoxicity have been reported.
Patients
We report three children, aged 4, 11, and 15, with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and cyclosporine A-associated neurotoxicity. In two of the patients, primary diagnosis was idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, and in one it was IgA nephropathy. Magnetic resonance with diffusion-weighted imaging, combined with quantification of apparent diffusion coefficient values, showed lesions caused by cytotoxic edema indicating irreversible brain damage. Nonetheless, the patients fully recovered clinically and radiologically after prompt discontinuation of cyclosporine A.
Conclusions
Neurotoxic effects should be suspected in any child with nephrotic syndrome treated with cyclosporine A in whom sudden neurological symptoms occur. Cytotoxic edema is a rare finding in pediatric patients. However, even in such cases with seemingly irreversible brain damage, full recovery without permanent neurological sequels is possible with prompt cyclosporine A discontinuation and supportive therapy.
Anestezija bolesnika s kroničnom bubrežnom bolesti (KBB) je izazov ne samo za anesteziologa, već i za čitav tim liječnika koji sudjeluju u preoperativnoj pripremi takvih bolesnika. KBB je veliki ...javnozdravstveni problem u čitavom svijetu zbog sve veće učestalosti, pogotovo u starijoj populaciji. Razumijevanje patofiziologije KBB, pravodobno sprječavanje daljnjeg oštećenja bubrežne funkcije i prevencija komplikacija je anesteziološki imperativ. To zahtijeva iskusnog anesteziologa, pažljivu preoperativnu pripremu bolesnika, pravodobno prepoznavanje i modifikaciju rizičnih čimbenika radi poboljšanja ishoda bolesnika. Pravilna raspodjela tekućine u perioperacijskom i intraoperacijskom razdoblju, održavanje euvolemije i izbjegavanje hipotenzije prioritet su u uspješnoj prevenciji daljnjeg oštećenja bubrega.
Prostate cancer is responsible for the largest number of cancer-related deaths in male population in many countries of the world. Aggressive forms of the disease are associated with an increased risk ...of local recurrence and death. Treatment of high-risk local prostate cancer most commonly involves radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with or without the addition of brachytherapy (BT). The use of surgery for high risk prostatic carcinoma (HRPC) is on the rise, because of its advantages including the possibility of cure with surgery alone without the risk of toxicities from prolonged ADT, accurate staging, and avoiding the influence of PSA originating from benign prostatic hyperplasia on future therapy. Oligometastatic prostate cancer may be considered as the last border of possibly curable disease. Radical prostatectomy in oligometastatic prostate cancer can significantly decrease the risk of local complications but only multimodal approach in selected group of patients may offer opportunities to eradicate tumor or delay its progression. Surgery for oligometastatic disease most commonly targets lymphatic disease with salvage pelvic lymph node dissection, whereas it rarely targets distant metastases. Further prospective, randomized studies are necessary to define the role and value of therapies in oligometastatic prostate cancer.
Kronično bubrežno zatajenje (KBZ) povezano je sa značajnim utjecajem na hemostazu koje se može klinički manifestirati u rasponu od tromboze do krvarenja. Patogeneza uremičkog krvarenja povezana je s ...mnogobrojnim čimbenicima. Njen vodeći uzrok je trombocitna disfunkcija unutar koje je naročito poremećeno međudjelovanje trombocita kao i trombocita i stijenke krvne žile. Bubrežna nadomjesna terapija smanjuje pojavnost i težinu krvarenja, ali unatoč tome još uvijek postoji rizik od njenog nastanka. Poremećaji koagulacijskog-fibrinolitičkog sustava kod uremičnih bolesnika koji vode protrombotskom stanju povezani su sa značajnim rizikom od aterosklerotskih kardiovaskularnih bolesti kao i trombotskih komplikacija poput tromboze vaskularnih pristupa. U bolesnika s KBZ-om postoje razlike u hemostatskim parametrima ovisno o vrsti bubrežnog nadomjesnog postupka. Poremećaji hemostaze koji se uočavaju kod bolesnika s KBZ-om preklapaju se s promjenama u koagulacijsko-fibrinolitičkom sustavu koje nastaju nakon transplantacije bubrega. Unatoč etiologiji, bolesnici s transplantiranim bubregom povećanog su rizika za razvoj tromboembolijskih događaja kao rezultat protrombotskog stanja zbog abnormalnosti koagulacijsko/fibrinolitičkog sustava. To hiperkoagulabilno stanje u velikoj je mjeri povezano s imunosupresivnom terapijom. Ovaj pregledni članak daje sažeti pogled na hemostazu u bolesnika s KBZ-om i nakon transplantacije bubrega.
During ceftriaxone treatment of subdural empyema caused by Streptococcus intermedius urinary and biliary stones were noticed. Increased levels of urinary calcium excretion were detected during ...ongoing treatment in comparison with 2 months check-up. There were no significant changes in the promoter/inhibitor urolithiasis parameters, oxalate, citrate, urate, cistine, glycosaminoglycans or their ratios. Urine saturation was calculated using EQUIL 2 computer programme (calcium oxalate, brushite) and it was normal. Probable trigger for the ceftriaxone/calcium hydroxy carbonate phosphate mixture of stones was a critical boost of solubility products caused by ceftriaxone treatment and phospnate urine content with a subsequent large-scale spontaneous precipitation of crystals.
The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate positive feedback loop between bladder wall nodules (nodules being one of the key diagnostic factors), bladder wall thickness, and recurrent urinary ...tract infections. Cystitis cystica was diagnosed in 115 prepubertal girls (mean age 7.79 +/- 3.05 years) by optic examination of bladder mucosal nodules and by ultrasonographic measurement of bladder wall thickness. Bladder wall thickness increased with the frequency of recurrent urinary tract infections as well as with the number of nodules on bladder wall mucosa (3.52 +/- 0.522 mm < or = 5 nodules vs. 4.42 +/- 0.429 mm 6-10 nodules vs. 5.20 +/- 0.610 mm > 10 nodules, respectively). Study results suggested that early control of urinary tract infections by chemoprophylaxis could prevent higher grades of bladder wall mucosal changes and consequently shorten the length of chemoprophylaxis.
Anesthesia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a challenge for anesthesiologists and other specialists in the perioperative team. There is a high incidence of CKD among patients ...preoperatively, especially in elderly population. For anesthesiologists, it is an imperative to understand the pathophysiology of CKD, prevention of further kidney damage and its complications. This requires experienced anesthesiologist, careful preoperative patient assessment, recognition and modification of the potential risk factors in order to improve patient outcome. Priorities for successful prevention of kidney damage are appropriate fluid distribution peri- and intraoperatively, maintenance of euvolemia, and avoiding hypotension.
The pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in preschool children with anatomically correct urinary tract (UT) is rather obscure. In girls, the bladder wall changes of cystitis ...cystica (CC) may be per se responsible for UTIs recurrence. During the 20-year period, 127 preschool children (125 girls; median age: 6.1 years) with CC, in whom UT anomalies were excluded, were diagnosed. The mean duration of UTIs symptoms prior to diagnosis was 3.31 +/- 2.51 years. Cystoscopical findings were labelled as mild, moderate and severe in 22.8%, 39.4% and 37.8% of patients, respectively. Following the confirmation of CC, long-term chemoprophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin was administered. A one year UTI-free period after chemoprophylaxis discontinuation was defined as therapeutic success. With 2.5 years median duration of regular chemoprophylaxis this goal was achieved in 58 children mainly with mild/ moderate CC. Thirty children from "improved/unchanged" group taking regular prophylaxis had significant reduction of UTIs ("improved"). Only 12 children belonging to the same group taking regular prophylaxis and all children with irregular prophylaxis had approximately the same number of UTIs as before treatment ("unchanged"). The "improved/unchanged" outcomes were predominantly found in children with severe form of CC. Although urodynamic disturbances detected in more than 50% of patients in whom urodynamics was performed were not found influential on the disease outcome, they could be responsible for its development. The results of our study suggest that regular and long-lasting chemoprophylaxis remains a basis for successful treatment for majority of patients with CC, even those with severe forms. If not treated properly with chemoprophylactic agents and without fair compliance in taking drugs, the disease is prone to recurrent UTIs.
The presence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been associated with profound clinical effects on hemostasis ranging from thrombosis to bleeding complications. The pathogenesis of uremic bleeding ...is multifactorial. It has been attributed to platelet dysfunction, the most important feature, particularly platelet-platelet and platelet-vessel wall interactions. Renal replacement therapy has helped reduce bleeding episodes, but the risk of morbidity and mortality due to hemorrhage persists. Abnormalities of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis predispose uremic patients to hypercoagulable state carrying the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and thrombotic complications such as thrombosis of the vascular access wall. There are differences in the measurement of various hemostatic parameters in patients with ESRD concerning treatment with either hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Hemostatic disturbances are overlapped by changes in the coagulation/fibrinolytic system after renal transplantation (RT). Despite the etiology, renal transplant patients are at an increased risk of thromboembolic events as a consequence of prothrombotic clotting and fibrinolytic abnormalities. This hypercoagulable state is to a large extent associated with immunosuppressive drugs. This review will give a summary of views on hemostasis in patients with ESRD and after RT.
