Estimating surface water using satellite data can improve estimates and predictions for hydroelectric energy generation. The goal of this research is to identify the best threshold method and image ...band combination to detect seasonal surface water at the basin scale. This paper explores Otsu, Minimum Entropy, and average of Otsu-Minimum Entropy threshold algorithms using Sentinel-2 narrow near-infrared band 8A (N-NIR), shortwave infrared bands 11 and 12 (SWIR-11 or SWIR-12) images for the Assiniboine River Basin (ARB). The highest precision (0.87) of surface water detection was obtained in autumn using Minimum Entropy (N-NIR & SWIR-11) threshold values for the ARB, however, the Minimum Entropy also had poor detection of surface water (low recall). Use of the naïve Bayesian classifier did not improve detection of surface water compared to using threshold values alone, and the use of threshold values generated for one basin was not transferable to another basin. We concluded that threshold methods should be assessed seasonally, at a per-tile scale before combining surface water products at a watershed scale, and products should be evaluated using non-balanced statistical measures for watersheds with high land-to-water ratios. Accuracy assessment is hampered by validation data which represents static hydrologic conditions, not contemporary, seasonal conditions.
The design and commissioning of the MICE upstream time-of-flight system Bertoni, R.; Blondel, A.; Bonesini, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2010, Letnik:
615, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the MICE experiment at RAL the upstream time-of-flight detectors are used for particle identification in the incoming muon beam, for the experiment trigger and for a precise timing
(
σ
t
∼
50
ps
)
...with respect to the accelerating RF cavities working at 201
MHz. The construction of the upstream section of the MICE time-of-flight system and the tests done to characterize its individual components are shown. Detector timing resolutions
∼
50
–
60
ps
were achieved. Test beam performance and preliminary results obtained with beam at RAL are reported.
Neutrino factory near detector Bogomilov, M.; Karadzhov, Y.; Matev, R. ...
Physical review special topics. Accelerators and beams,
08/2013, Letnik:
16, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The neutrino factory is a facility for future precision studies of neutrino oscillations. A so-called near detector is essential for reaching the required precision for a neutrino oscillation ...analysis. The main task of the near detector is to measure the flux of the neutrino beam. Such a high intensity neutrino source like a neutrino factory provides also the opportunity for precision studies of various neutrino interaction processes in the near detector. We discuss the design concepts of such a detector. Results of simulations of a high resolution scintillating fiber tracker show that such a detector is capable of determining the neutrino flux normalization with an uncertainty of less than 1% by measuring pure leptonic interactions. Reconstruction of the neutrino energy in each event and a flux estimation based on the shapes of the neutrino energy spectra are discussed. A full setup of the near detector, consisting of a high granularity vertex detector, high resolution tracker, and muon catcher is also presented. Finally, a method to extrapolate the measured near detector flux to the far detector is shown, demonstrating that it is able to extract the correct values of θ_{13} and the CP violation phase δ without any significant bias and with high accuracy.
The physics performance of the barrel RPC system of the HARP experiment is described. In the barrel two sets of fifteen identical resistive plate chambers (RPCs) have been operated in 2001 and 2002 ...as a part of the HARP experiment at the CERN PS accelerator. For the first time under real experimental conditions RPCs have bean applied for particle identification (PID) by measuring the particle's time-of-flight (ToF). The procedure developed for the RPC calibration, based on reconstructed tracks in the HARP Time Projection Chamber (TPC), is described in detail. Intrinsic RPC time resolutions of 141 ps and a combined time resolution of the large angle TOF system of 180 ps are obtained. The effective resolution of the comparison of predicted and measured ToF is 305 ps in the region of interest for this experiment. The PID capabilities of the system are demonstrated. An average efficiency of the RPC counters of about 97% is measured
Several processes of meson production in proton–deuteron collisions have been measured simultaneously using a calibrated magnetic spectrograph. Among these processes, the η meson is seen clearly as a ...sharp missing-mass peak on a slowly varying background in the p+d→He3+X reaction. Knowing the kinematics of the other reactions with well determined masses, it is possible to deduce a precise mass for the η meson. The final result, m(η)=547.311±0.028(stat)±0.032(syst)MeV/c2, is significantly lower than that found by the recent NA48 measurement, though it is consistent with values obtained in earlier counter experiments.
Updated physics performance of the ESSnuSB experiment Alekou, A.; Baussan, E.; Blaskovic Kraljevic, N. ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
12/2021, Letnik:
81, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we present the physics performance of the ESSnuSB experiment in the standard three flavor scenario using the updated neutrino flux calculated specifically for the ESSnuSB configuration ...and updated migration matrices for the far detector. Taking conservative systematic uncertainties corresponding to a normalization error of
5
%
for signal and
10
%
for background, we find that there is
10
σ
(
13
σ
)
CP violation discovery sensitivity for the baseline option of 540 km (360 km) at
δ
CP
=
±
90
∘
. The corresponding fraction of
δ
CP
for which CP violation can be discovered at more than
5
σ
is
70
%
. Regarding CP precision measurements, the
1
σ
error associated with
δ
CP
=
0
∘
is around
5
∘
and with
δ
CP
=
-
90
∘
is around
14
∘
(
7
∘
)
for the baseline option of 540 km (360 km). For hierarchy sensitivity, one can have
3
σ
sensitivity for 540 km baseline except
δ
CP
=
±
90
∘
and
5
σ
sensitivity for 360 km baseline for all values of
δ
CP
. The octant of
θ
23
can be determined at
3
σ
for the values of:
θ
23
>
51
∘
(
θ
23
<
42
∘
and
θ
23
>
49
∘
) for baseline of 540 km (360 km). Regarding measurement precision of the atmospheric mixing parameters, the allowed values at
3
σ
are:
40
∘
<
θ
23
<
52
∘
(
42
∘
<
θ
23
<
51
.
5
∘
) and
2.485
×
10
-
3
eV
2
<
Δ
m
31
2
<
2.545
×
10
-
3
eV
2
(
2.49
×
10
-
3
eV
2
<
Δ
m
31
2
<
2.54
×
10
-
3
eV
2
) for the baseline of 540 km (360 km).
Very intense neutrino beams and large neutrino detectors will be needed in order to enable the discovery of CP violation in the leptonic sector. We propose to use the proton linac of the European ...Spallation Source currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, to deliver, in parallel with the spallation neutron production, a very intense, cost effective and high performance neutrino beam. The baseline program for the European Spallation Source linac is that it will be fully operational at 5 MW average power by 2022, producing 2 GeV 2.86 ms long proton pulses at a rate of 14 Hz. Our proposal is to upgrade the linac to 10 MW average power and 28 Hz, producing 14 pulses/s for neutron production and 14 pulses/s for neutrino production. Furthermore, because of the high current required in the pulsed neutrino horn, the length of the pulses used for neutrino production needs to be compressed to a few μs with the aid of an accumulator ring. A long baseline experiment using this Super Beam and a megaton underground Water Cherenkov detector located in existing mines 300–600 km from Lund will make it possible to discover leptonic CP violation at 5 σ significance level in up to 50% of the leptonic Dirac CP-violating phase range. This experiment could also determine the neutrino mass hierarchy at a significance level of more than 3 σ if this issue will not already have been settled by other experiments by then. The mass hierarchy performance could be increased by combining the neutrino beam results with those obtained from atmospheric neutrinos detected by the same large volume detector. This detector will also be used to measure the proton lifetime, detect cosmological neutrinos and neutrinos from supernova explosions. Results on the sensitivity to leptonic CP violation and the neutrino mass hierarchy are presented.
Deep learning semantic segmentation algorithms have provided improved frameworks for the automated production of Land-Use and Land-Cover (LULC) maps, which significantly increases the frequency of ...map generation as well as consistency of production quality. In this research, a total of 28 different model variations were examined to improve the accuracy of LULC maps. The experiments were carried out using Landsat 5/7 or Landsat 8 satellite images with the North American Land Change Monitoring System labels. The performance of various CNNs and extension combinations were assessed, where VGGNet with an output stride of 4, and modified U-Net architecture provided the best results. Additional expanded analysis of the generated LULC maps was also provided. Using a deep neural network, this work achieved 92.4% accuracy for 13 LULC classes within southern Manitoba representing a 15.8% improvement over published results for the NALCMS. Based on the large regions of interest, higher radiometric resolution of Landsat 8 data resulted in better overall accuracies (88.04%) compare to Landsat 5/7 (80.66%) for 16 LULC classes. This represents an 11.44% and 4.06% increase in overall accuracy compared to previously published NALCMS results, including larger land area and higher number of LULC classes incorporated into the models compared to other published LULC map automation methods.
In their comments on "Physics performance of the barrel RPC system of the HARP experiment" V. Ammosov et al. criticize the description of the performance of the RPC system of HARP detector. This ...Rebuttal answers all points raised.
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