Background Our aim was to determine whether child attachment to parents, parent attachment style, and morning cortisol levels were related to diabetes outcomes measured by average glycated hemoglobin ...(HbA1c), HbA1c variability over 4 years and time in range (TIR) in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Research design and methods 101 children with T1D and one of their parents were assessed at baseline for child attachment (Child Attachment Interview; CAI) and parent attachment (Relationship Structures Questionnaire; ECR-RS). Serum samples were collected for cortisol measurements before the interviews. HbA1c levels were measured during a 4-year follow-up period at regular 3-monthly visits, and data for TIR were exported from blood glucose measuring devices. Multivariate linear regression models were constructed to identify independent predictors of glycemic outcomes. Results More girls than boys exhibited secure attachment to their mothers. The results of the regression models showed that securely attached girls (CAI) had higher average HbA1c than did insecurely attached girls (B = -0.64, p = 0.03). In boys, the more insecure the parent's attachment style, the worse the child's glycemic outcome: the higher the average Hb1Ac (B = 0.51, p = 0.005), the higher the HbA1c variability (B = 0.017, p = 0.011), and the lower the TIR (B = -8.543, p = 0.002). Conclusions Attachment in close relationships is associated with glycemic outcomes in children with T1D, and we observed significant differences between sexes. A sex- and attachment-specific approach is recommended when treating children with less favorable glycemic outcomes. Special attention and tailored support should be offered to securely attached girls in transferring responsibility for diabetes care and at least to male children of insecurely attached parents to prevent suboptimal glycemic control. Further studies in larger samples and more daily cortisol measurements may help us better understand the links between stress response, attachment and T1D. Keywords: Attachment, Childhood and adolescence, Diabetes control, Time in range, Cortisol
Background/Objective:
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is among the most common chronic diseases in children/adolescents, and the incidence continues to rise worldwide. Different environmental factors have been ...evaluated in the etiology. In the present study, we investigated the role of attachment examining whether insecure attachment to carers or carers' own attachment insecurity was related to a higher risk of T1D in children.
Methods:
We included 101 children with T1D (mean age 11.8 years), 106 healthy controls (11.6 years), and one of their carers. We assessed children's attachment using the Child Attachment Interview and carers' attachment using the Relationship Structures Questionnaire. We constructed binary multinomial logistic regression models using attachment to mothers, carers' attachment representations, and stressful life-events as T1D predictors.
Results:
Higher carer attachment anxiety was associated with the child's T1D diagnosis (
p
< 0.05;
R
2
= 0.0613) while security of attachment to mothers showed no significant association. When mothers' education was included in the model, both attachment anxiety in higher educated mothers and stressful life events showed a significant association with the child's T1D (
p
< 0.001;
R
2
= 0.293).
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that higher attachment-related anxiety in carers with high education and stressful life events are associated with T1D in children.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents worldwide. Its etiopathogenesis results from the interplay of genetic and environmental variables. Among ...the latter, psychological stress has been implicated in disease onset as well as disease management. Various studies, including large population-based studies, have highlighted the role of stressful life events in the etiopathogenesis of T1D. In this article, we also emphasize the importance of attachment in the early child-caregiver relationship, which can be seen as a measure of the quality of the relationship and is crucial for stress and emotional regulation. It serves as a model for all subsequent relationships in one's life. We summarize some of the few studies performed in the field of attachment and T1D etiopathogenesis or management. T1D management demands a lifelong therapeutic regimen to prevent acute and chronic complications. In addition to psychological stress, psychological factors such as family functioning, developmental adjustment, autonomy, mental health problems and other factors have been found to relate to metabolic control. Psychological factors need to be understood not as a single directional causality-based principle but as a dynamic bi- or multidirectional system that is affected by the normal developmental transitions of childhood and adolescence.
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