Refractive index in the JUNO liquid scintillator Zhang, H.S.; Beretta, M.; Cialdi, S. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
November 2024, 2024-11-00, Letnik:
1068
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the field of rare event physics, it is common to have huge masses of organic liquid scintillator as detection medium. In particular, they are widely used to study neutrino properties or ...astrophysical neutrinos. Thanks to its safety properties (such as low toxicity and high flash point) and easy scalability, linear alkyl benzene is the most common solvent used to produce liquid scintillators for large mass experiments. The knowledge of the refractive index is a pivotal point to understand the detector response, as this quantity (and its wavelength dependence) affects the Cherenkov radiation and photon propagation in the medium. In this paper, we report the measurement of the refractive index of the JUNO liquid scintillator between 260–1064 nm performed with two different methods to cover wide range of refractive index (an ellipsometer and a refractometer), with a sub percent level precision. In addition, we used an interferometer to measure the group velocity in the JUNO liquid scintillator and verify the expected value derived from the refractive index measurements.
Silicon PhotoMultipliers, SiPMs, constitute the enabling technology for a diverse and rapidly growing range of applications: medical imaging, experimental physics, and commercial applications are ...only a few examples. In this work, a characterization protocol for SiPM qualification has been applied to Hamamatsu S13161-3050AE-08 SiPM (8 × 8) array in the (−40 ÷ +30) °C temperature range. The protocol foresees to measure several parameters: breakdown voltage, quenching resistance, gain, dark count rate and probability of cross-talk. Methods to extract them and their dependence on temperature at fixed overvoltage are shown and the results are discussed.
Prototype of a dual-radiator RICH detector for the Electron–Ion Collider Vallarino, S.; Alexeev, M.; Antonioli, P. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
01/2024, Letnik:
1058, Številka:
C
Journal Article
A synthetic single crystal diamond based Schottky photodiode was tested at INFN-LNS on the proton beam line (62 MeV) dedicated to the radiation treatment of ocular disease. The diamond detector ...response was studied in terms of pre-irradiation dose, linearity with dose and dose rate, and angular dependence. Depth dose curves were measured for the 62 MeV pristine proton beam and for three unmodulated range-shifted proton beams; furthermore, the spread-out Bragg peak was measured for a modulated therapeutic proton beam. Beam parameters, recommended by the ICRU report 78, were evaluated to analyze depth-dose curves from diamond detector. Measured dose distributions were compared with the corresponding dose distributions acquired with reference plane-parallel ionization chambers. Field size dependence of the output factor (dose per monitor unit) in a therapeutic modulated proton beam was measured with the diamond detector over the range of ocular proton therapy collimator diameters (5-30 mm). Output factors measured with the diamond detector were compared to the ones by a Markus ionization chamber, a Scanditronix Hi-p Si stereotactic diode and a radiochromic EBT2 film. Signal stability within 0.5% was demonstrated for the diamond detector with no need of any pre-irradiation dose. Dose and dose rate dependence of the diamond response was measured: deviations from linearity resulted to be within plus or minus 0.5% over the investigated ranges of 0.5-40.0 Gy and 0.3-30.0 Gy/min respectively. Output factors from diamond detector measured with the smallest collimator (5 mm in diameter) showed a maximum deviation of about 3% with respect to the high resolution radiochromic EBT2 film. Depth-dose curves measured by diamond for unmodulated and modulated beams were in good agreement with those from the reference plane-parallel Markus chamber, with relative differences lower than plus or minus 1% in peak-to-plateau ratios, well within experimental uncertainties. A 2.5% variation in diamond detector response was observed in angular dependence measurements carried-out by varying the proton beam incidence angle in the polar direction. The dosimetric characterization of the tested synthetic single crystal diamond detector clearly indicates its suitability for relative dosimetry in ocular therapy proton beams, with no need of any correction factors accounting for dose rate and linear energy transfer dependence.
Polycrystalline (pCVD) and single crystal (scCVD) diamond films grown from Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), if sufficiently pure at Raman analysis, are very good materials for beam or flux monitors ...inside accelerators or nuclear reactors. This is because they are very hard to damage in high radiation fields and very resistant to high temperatures. Films of pCVD diamond are, however, not so good as spectroscopy detectors due to inhomogeneities induced by their growth in grains with the consequent presence of grain boundaries which worsen their energy resolution. The latter can be significantly improved by growing scCVD diamond films onto HPHT synthetic diamond substrates. We have shown that it is possible to measure the density of defects inside diamond specimens using as probes suitable penetrating nuclear radiations. With the preliminary results reported here we'll show that, bombarding CVD diamond films grown at Roma “Tor Vergata” with energetic protons and
4He,
6Li and
12C ions produced in the accelerators of Catania laboratories, the pulse height defects are higher than those in silicon detectors and likewise well described by a power law in the deposited energy. Furthermore, we'll show that pulse heights for the same particles seem to depend on the duration of the measurement, thus exhibiting a sort of depolarization of the insulator when exposed to the electric voltage which makes it a particle detector.
Radiation damage of polycrystalline diamond exposed to 62 MeV protons Alemanno, E; Caricato, A P; Chiodini, G ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2013, Letnik:
730
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We irradiated two diamond detectors with 62 MeV energy proton beam up to an integrated fluence of about 21015 protons/cm2 at INFN-LNS in Catania (Italy). The detectors were made of two high purity ...poly-crystal diamond sensors. The electric contacts of the two diamond sensors were from different sources and made with different techniques: a proprietary DLC/Pt/Au electric contact and our own novel UV Laser technique. We collected 120 GeV and 62 MeV proton beam data, before and after irradiation, respectively, to extract the radiation damage constant of one poly-crystal diamond sensor by using single crystal diamond detector response as reference.
Diamond monocrystalline detectors were used to characterize radiation and particle emission from laser-generated plasma obtained at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) and Plasma Asterix Laser Systems ...(PALS) laboratories by using a high power pulsed laser intensity of 10
10
W/cm
2
and 10
16
W/cm
2
, respectively. Al, Ta, Au and CF
2
plasmas were obtained in different irradiation conditions. Diamond detectors permitted to measure UV, X-rays, electrons and ions. Time-of-flight technique was employed to separate in time the different contributions. Results indicate that this detector has some advantages with respect to the others, such as the high energy gap, the high energy resolution, the low background current and the possibility to detect simultaneously photons, electrons and ions.
In this work, we report on the structural characterization of homoepitaxial Microwave Plasma Enhanced CVD diamond grown onto Ib diamond substrates by varying systematically the methane to hydrogen ...ratio in the gas mixture (1–7% CH
4). X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) have been used to characterize the diamond samples. Raman measurements pointed out the excellent crystalline quality and phase purity of the specimens. PL measurements in the 1.7–2.7 eV energy range have shown completely flat spectra, excluding the presence of nitrogen-related optical centers. Such results show that the homoepitaxial CVD diamond can be grown, at moderate microwave power (720 W), and at growth rates not too low (∼
1 μm/h) preserving a good quality. Moreover, the homoepitaxial crystals exhibited a strong free-exciton recombination radiation at room temperature even at the highest methane concentration used (7%). Preliminary measurements of the lifetime of the free exciton at room temperature have been also performed. The excitation was produced by a 5 ns pulsed laser irradiation at energies above the diamond band gap. The results have been compared with the structural properties of the samples and correlated with the growth conditions.
Three-layer structures consisting of intrinsic/B-doped homoepitaxial CVD diamond grown onto commercial HPHT Ib substrates have been studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). ...The intrinsic layers have been deposited, at fixed methane to hydrogen ratio (1%), by systematically changing the substrate temperature (620–820 °C). Raman measurements point out the excellent crystalline quality and phase purity of the samples. Moreover, flat PL spectra in a wide energy range (1.7 eV–2.7 eV) indicate also their great purity. As the free-exciton recombination can be used to further probe the quality of synthetic diamond, measurements of free-exciton emission at room temperature have been also performed. The excitation was produced by a 5 ns pulsed tunable laser irradiation. The results have been compared with the detection characteristics of simple alpha-particle detector prototypes based on the analyzed samples. A clear correlation between excitonic emission and detector sensitivity is demonstrated. On the basis of these results, low methane concentrations (approx. 1% CH
4/H
2) in the deposition gas mixture and intermediate substrate temperatures (approx. 720 °C–770 °C) have been identified as the best working conditions of our growth reactor.
CVD mono-crystalline diamond thin films deposited on a doped diamond and aluminum backing were employed as detectors of the radiation emitted from the laser-generated plasma. Laser-matter ...interactions were obtained by the use of an Nd:Yag repetitive laser at INFN-LNS in Catania operating at 10
10
W/cm
2
pulse intensity, and a high-power iodine PALS laser in Prague operating at 10
15
W/cm
2
pulse intensity. Plasmas were obtained by ablating Al, Ta, Au, and CF
2
bulk targets. Plasma characterization was carried out using diamond detectors and ion collectors placed at different distances and angles in relation to the position of the ablated target. Photons, electrons, and ions hitting the sensible volume of the detector generate electronhole pairs (loosing 13 eV for a pair), resulting in an arising of the voltage signal at the device electrodes, which is proportional to the deposited energy. Diamond detectors can measure UV, X-rays, electrons, and ions. The time-of-flight (TOF) technique was exploited to separate photon, electron, and particle contributions. Because of the high gap of the diamond band structure (5.48 eV), the detectors are blind to visible and IR light from the plasma, which results in very low background current. The TOF diamond spectra were compared with traditional ion collector spectra using the experimental data obtained from the experiments conducted at the Catania and Prague laboratories. The results indicate that the ion energy resolution of the employed diamond detectors is high and that the fast electrons can be detected from a deconvolution procedure applied to the fast photo-peak. Information about the mean energy of soft X-rays could be obtained by analyzing the fast contribute of the spectra acquired by using different absorber films.