Twenty-four adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with central nervous system symptoms were studied for antiretroviral resistance mutations in HIV-1 RNA obtained from ...paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples. Paired sequences were obtained from 21 and 13 patients for reverse transcriptase (RT) and for protease, respectively. Mutations conferring resistance to the RT inhibitors zidovudine, lamivudine, or nevirapine were detected in 14 patients, including 11 pretreated and 3 drug-naive subjects. The mutation patterns in the 2 compartments were different in most patients. Genotypic resistance to protease inhibitors was detected in both plasma and CSF from 1 patient treated with multiple protease inhibitors. However, accessory protease inhibitor resistance mutations at polymorphic sites were different in plasma and CSF in several patients. Partially independent evolution of viral quasispecies occurs in plasma and CSF, raising the possibility that compartmentalization of drug resistance may affect response to antiretroviral treatment.
In the present study we investigated the efficacy of a new potential vaccine constituted of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-F protein associated with influenza virosomes (RSV-F/IRIV) in ...combination with the mucosal adjuvant Escheriagen (
Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin), administered intranasally (i.n.) to BALB/c mice. After an intramuscular “priming” with influenza virus vaccine, group A of mice was i.n. immunized with of RSV-F/IRIV+heat-labile toxin (HLT), groups B and C were inoculated i.n. with F-RSV+HLT and IRIV+HLT, respectively. The results showed that the virosomal delivery system greatly potentiate immune responses in animals. All mice immunized with the RSV-F/IRIV+HLT developed a mucosal IgA response and a high level of serum IgG. A balanced Th1/Th2 cytokine profile was observed in mice immunized with RSV-F/IRIV+HLT, while a Th2 response was observed in mice immunized with RSV-F+HLT. Histological analysis of lung tissue of RSV challenged mice did not reveal a vaccine-enhanced pulmonary eosinophilia. These results show that i.n. immunization of BALB/c mice with RSV-F/IRIV in combination with HLT can be considered a promising approach for the development of an efficacious human vaccine.
Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming soil bacterium ubiquitous in the environment. The beneficial effects of B. subtilis spores on the balance of the intestinal microflora is ...the rationale for its general use as a probiotic preparation in the treatment or prevention of intestinal disorders. B. subtilis spores are available in Italy as a pharmaceutical preparation for oral use. Each dose contains a mixture of 10 super(9) spores of four distinct antibiotic-resistant derivatives of ATCC 9799 (Enterogermina; distributed by Sanofi Winthrop, Milan, Italy) per vial. The pathogenic potential of B. subtilis is generally described as low or absent. Data on the general importance of infections due to B. subtilis are incomplete, since it is a general practice of most microbiological laboratories to discard these strains or to report them as contaminants. Also, in the cause-of-death statistics of the World Health Organization no data on B. subtilis infections are present since, even if reported, they would be "invisible" at the international comparative level due to the coding used for classification of death causes. In the literature, only a few cases of infections due to B. subtilis are reported and only one retrospective study describes the isolation of antibiotic-resistant strains of B. subtilis.
Helicobacter pylori infection and infertility Figura, N; Piomboni, P; Ponzetto, A ...
European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology,
2002-June, Letnik:
14, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
To determine (1) the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in male and female patients with reproductive disorders and controls; (2) the presence of anti-H. pylori antibodies in samples of ...follicular fluid, vaginal secretions and sperm; and (3) the existence of a structural homology between a major spermatozoa protein, tubulin, and H. pylori proteins.
Serum samples from 167 patients with infertility and 837 age- and gender-matched controls (blood donors) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting to determine the seropositivity for H. pylori infection. The presence of anti-H. pylori antibodies in samples of follicular fluid, vaginal secretions and sperm was determined using the same techniques. The possible cross-reactivity with spermatozoa of anti-H. pylori hyperimmune sera and human antibodies was studied by immunofluorescence. The N-acid homology of human tubulin with the principal H. pylori proteins was assayed by the WU-blastp program available on the Internet.
The prevalence of infection was significantly higher in patients than controls (49.1% v. 33.5%, P < 0.001). Follicular fluids from infected patients contained specific antibodies in all cases, sperm samples in about 50% of cases, and vaginal secretions in a minority of cases. Sera to H. pylori whole antigens and VacA reacted with the tails and the pericentriolar area of human spermatozoa (which are rich in tubulin); sera to urease and heat-shock protein (Hsp) did not. Follicular fluids with anti-H. pylori antibodies immune reacted with spermatozoa. A linear homology was found between beta-tubulin and three H. pylori proteins, flagellin, VacA and CagA.
H. pylori infection may increase the risk of developing reproductive disorders or worsen the clinical expression of this syndrome.
Objectives: To compare three methods for using HIV-1 genotype to predict antiretroviral drug susceptibility. Methods: We applied three genotypic interpretation algorithms to 478 reverse transcriptase ...(RT) and 410 protease sequences for which phenotypic data were available. Sequences were obtained from clinical practice and from published sequences in the Stanford HIV-1 RT and Protease Sequence Database. The genotypic interpretation algorithms included: Stanford HIVdb program (HIVdb), the Visible Genetics/Bayer Diagnostics Guidelines 6.0 (VGI) and a genotypic interpretation program (AntiRetroScan, ARS) developed at the University of Siena, Italy. Genotypic interpretations were normalized to a three-level output: susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Discordances were defined as differences between genotype and phenotype for the same virus isolate. Discordances for which an isolate was considered susceptible by one test but resistant by another test were considered major discordances. Results: The frequency of major discordances between genotype and phenotype was 10.6, 13.7 and 15.7% for ARS, VGI and HIVdb, respectively (P < 0.0001 for ARS versus HIVdb and for ARS versus VGI; P = 0.002 for VGI versus HIVdb). The correlation between genotype and phenotype was highest for non-nucleoside RT inhibitors and lowest for nucleoside RT inhibitors. Half of the major discordances involved stavudine, didanosine and zalcitabine. The concordance among the three genotypic algorithms was high, with weighted Kappa values ranging between 0.76 and 0.84 for the pairwise comparisons between each of the algorithms. Conclusions: Genotype interpretation algorithms correctly predict phenotype in 85–90% of cases, but the rate of concordance is not uniformly distributed among different drugs. These data provide insight into the potential additional benefit derived from phenotyping.
We investigated influenza virosomes as a TAA-gene delivery system for use in TAA-directed anti-cancer vaccine therapy. An engineered plasmid (GC90) expressing the parathyroid hormone-related peptide ...(PTH-rP), a protein secreted by prostate and lung carcinoma cells, was included in influenza virosomes (GC90V). The ability of GC90V to elicit a PTH-rP-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response was demonstrated in BALB/c mice immunised with intranasal (i.n.) GC90V±adjuvant subcutaneous (s.c.) interleukin-2 (IL-2). A PTH-rP-specific CTL response with antitumour activity was also demonstrated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with GC90V infected autologous dendritic cells (DC). These results provide a rationale for investigating GC90V in clinical trials of anticancer vaccine therapy.
Toscana virus is the most important agent responsible for meningitis in central Italy. We report a serosurveillance study, using an immunoenzymatic assay, of 360 serum samples harvested from a ...high-risk population occupationally exposed to Toscana virus in two regions of Italy, Tuscany and Piedmont. The results indicates a seroprevalence of Toscana virus of 77.2% in the forestry workers, particularly in the Tuscany region. This fact is strictly correlated with the ecological niches specific for the survival of Toscana virus arthropod vector.
To evaluate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the course of hepatitis C (HCV) infection, we studied the biological and virological characteristics of 23 HCV/HIV-coinfected ...HAART-naive patients. The HCV genotype, HCV and HIV viral loads, serum alanine aminotransferase, CD4
+and CD8
+ cell/mm
3 were determined at baseline, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months after initiation of HAART. Results were analyzed both in terms of total population and of HCV genotype. The study of the total population suggests that this therapy did not determine a significant alteration of HCV viremia and levels of ALT, while a significant decrease in HIV viremia (−1.7
log
10 at one year from the start of HAART) and increase in CD4
+ counts was observed (
P < 0.005). The biological and virological parameters of HCV/HIV coinfection differed according to the HCV genotype. In particular, only genotype 4 showed a significant inverse correlation between HCV and HIV viral loads.
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