Algae have the potential to capture carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and nitric oxide (NO) from flue gases. However, the effects of high concentrations of these gases on the photophysiology of algae are poorly ...understood. To that end, we used the techniques of chlorophyll fluorescence to study the effect of industrially relevant levels of CO
2
and NO on the photophysiology of two green microalgae,
Asterarcys quadricellulare
and
Chlorella sorokiniana
, that are tolerant to these gases. Measurements of maximum quantum yield (
F
v
/
F
m
) and maximum relative electron transport rate (rETR
max
) show an enhanced performance of photosystem II (PSII) under high CO
2
levels. In
C
.
sorokiniana
, high CO
2
stimulated non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), while the opposite effect was observed in
A
.
quadricellulare.
Light-saturated photosynthetic rates (
P
max
) of both species were highest at 10% CO
2
. Further, the tested levels of NO did not show adverse effect on the performance of PSII. OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence transients suggest that in
C
.
sorokiniana
, the energetic communication between PSII units declined at 15% CO
2
. However, in
A
.
quadricellulare
, this decline was visible even at 10% CO
2
with complete inhibition of cell growth at 15% v/v. Overall, our results suggest that although photosynthesis was regulated differently in the two microalga, both species exhibited enhanced PSII performance under reasonably high levels of CO
2
and NO. Thus, the two species are potential candidates for bio-fixation of CO
2
and NO from flue gases.
Cancer drug resistance remains a difficult barrier to effective treatment, necessitating a thorough understanding of its multi-layered mechanism.
This study aims to comprehensively explore the ...diverse mechanisms of cancer drug resistance, assess the evolution of resistance detection methods, and identify strategies for overcoming this challenge. The evolution of resistance detection methods and identification strategies for overcoming the challenge.
A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms, including altered drug efflux, reduced uptake, inactivation, target mutations, signaling pathway changes, apoptotic defects, and cellular plasticity. The evolution of mutation detection techniques, encompassing clinical predictions, experimental approaches, and computational methods, was investigated. Strategies to enhance drug efficacy, modify pharmacokinetics, optimizoptimizee binding modes, and explore alternate protein folding states were examined.
The study comprehensively overviews the intricate mechanisms contributing to cancer drug resistance. It outlines the progression of mutation detection methods and underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches. Strategies to overcome drug resistance challenges, such as modulating ATP-binding cassette transporters and developing multidrug resistance inhibitors, are discussed. The study underscores the critical need for continued research to enhance cancer treatment efficacy.
This study provides valuable insights into the complexity of cancer drug resistance mechanisms, highlights evolving detection methods, and offers potential strategies to enhance treatment outcomes.
The novel bovine viral infection known as lumpy skin disease is common in most African and Middle Eastern countries, with a significant likelihood of disease transfer to Asia and Europe. Recent rapid ...disease spread in formerly disease-free zones highlights the need of understanding disease limits and distribution mechanisms. Capripox virus, the causal agent, may also cause sheeppox and Goatpox. Even though the virus is expelled through several bodily fluids and excretions, the most common causes of infection include sperm and skin sores. Thus, vulnerable hosts are mostly infected mechanically by hematophagous arthropods such as biting flies, mosquitoes, and ticks. As a result, milk production lowers, abortions, permanent or temporary sterility, hide damage, and mortality occur, contributing to a massive financial loss for countries that raise cattle. These illnesses are economically significant because they affect international trade. The spread of Capripox viruses appears to be spreading because to a lack of effectual vaccinations and poverty in rural areas. Lumpy skin disease has reached historic levels; as a consequence, vaccination remains the only viable option to keep the illness from spreading in endemic as well as newly impacted areas. This study is intended to offer a full update on existing knowledge of the disease's pathological characteristics, mechanisms of spread, transmission, control measures, and available vaccinations.
Coal-fired thermal power plants are the major source of CO2 emission among fossil fuel power plants. In thermal power plants, coal combustion produces flue gas containing a number of gases including ...hazardous pollutants, such as CO2, mercury (Hg), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Among all, CO2 is the largest contributor to global warming. CO2 capture and separation are therefore essential to keep the environment safe and secure. The present paper delineates the existing literature to examine the current status of various methods and technologies used for CO2 capture and separation from thermal power plant flue gas. Various emerging technologies like, chemical-looping combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, enzyme based separation, dual-alkali absorption approach, facilitated transport membrane, hydrate based separations, mixed matrix membrane and, calcium looping are also thoroughly discussed.
► We critically examined existing literature on current status of various technologies of CO2 capture and separation. ► New emerging technologies were discussed in the paper. ► The major improvements to existing processes was needed for better overall removal efficiency of CO2.
•Extremophilic micro-algae have a potential role in the biotechnology industry.•We consider extremes of temperature, light, CO2, pH, salt and metal in this review.•We present phylogenetic analysis of ...extremophilic microalgae.•We discuss organisms' adaptive mechanisms to tackle these stresses.•Physiology, metabolic engineering and molecular biology need further studies.
Micro-algae have potential as sustainable sources of energy and products and alternative mode of agriculture. However, their mass cultivation is challenging due to low survival under harsh outdoor conditions and competition from other, undesired, species. Extremophilic micro-algae have a role to play by virtue of their ability to grow under acidic or alkaline pH, high temperature, light, CO2 level and metal concentration. In this review, we provide several examples of potential biotechnological applications of extremophilic micro-algae and the ranges of tolerated extremes. We also discuss the adaptive mechanisms of tolerance to these extremes. Analysis of phylogenetic relationship of the reported extremophiles suggests certain groups of the Kingdom Protista to be more tolerant to extremophilic conditions than other taxa. While extremophilic microalgae are beginning to be explored, much needs to be done in terms of the physiology, molecular biology, metabolic engineering and outdoor cultivation trials before their true potential is realized.
Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) have been on the rise ever since the beginning of industrialisation. A significant fraction of this increase can be attributed to the ...emissions from stationary sources such as thermal power plants and steel plants. While there has been an impetus in recent times towards sequestration of these greenhouse gases at source, current technologies are not commercially viable. In this context, microalgae-mediated CO2 capture and utilization has attracted attention, although several technological challenges remain to be addressed. Importantly, this process will require algal strains that grow fast and are tolerant to high light, temperature and flue gases. The majority of the reported algal strains fail in at least one of these requirements. On account of this, we have isolated two novel green algal strains, which have been identified as Asterarcys quadricellulare and Chlorella sorokiniana, from water bodies that are located in and around a steel plant in India. These are relatively fast-growing strains with specific growth rates of up to 0.06h−1 and 0.1h−1, respectively. Furthermore, these strains can tolerate high temperatures of up to 43°C, high light intensity and high CO2 and NO levels. When exposed to high CO2 levels, 55–71% of the dry cell weight comprised of carbohydrates. Additionally, exposure to NO gas along with CO2 led to an enhanced lipid accumulation of 44%–46% of dry biomass. The high lipid content makes these strains valuable feedstock in biodiesel production, and the high carbohydrate content makes the lipid extracted biomass an attractive source of carbon for biochemical conversion to ethanol. We believe that these strains are promising and ready to be tested with real flue gases under outdoor conditions.
•New isolates of C. sorokiniana and A. quadricellulare exhibit high potential for capturing CO2 and NO from flue gases.•Exposure to NO leads to enhanced lipid accumulation in the cells.•The high carbohydrate content of the biomass would be conducive to fermentative conversion to bioethanol.
A green microalga,
Acutodesmus
sp., a close relative of
Acutodesmus deserticola
, was isolated from the wastewater discharges of an oil refinery in India. This study examined the effects of light ...intensity, temperature, pH, and high-CO
2
treatments (up to 20 %) on the growth of the alga and investigated the effects of different CO
2
treatments on its macromolecular composition (protein, carbohydrate, and lipids). Under controlled laboratory conditions, the alga showed high growth rates over a wide range of light (up to 700 μmol photons m
−2
s
−1
), temperature (up to 40 °C), and pH (5–10) conditions. In the stationary phase, the highest protein and carbohydrate content was found to be 71.52 and 40.72 % of dry weight at 5 and 15 % CO
2
, respectively. After 5 days of cultivation, the maximum dry weight biomass attained in these cultures was 1.149, 1.99, 1.75, and 1.65 g L
−1
at 5, 10, 15, and 20 % CO
2
, respectively, indicating that this strain has significant tolerance to CO
2
. These results indicate that this strain is a promising candidate for use in biofixation of CO
2
from the flue gases emitted by industries, and it also has a strong potential as a feedstock for value-added substances.
A green microalga, Acutodesmus sp., a close relative of Acutodesmus deserticola, was isolated from the wastewater discharges of an oil refinery in India. This study examined the effects of light ...intensity, temperature, pH, and high-CO sub(2) treatments (up to 20 %) on the growth of the alga and investigated the effects of different CO sub(2) treatments on its macromolecular composition (protein, carbohydrate, and lipids). Under controlled laboratory conditions, the alga showed high growth rates over a wide range of light (up to 700 mu mol photons m super(-2) s super(-1)), temperature (up to 40 degree C), and pH (5-10) conditions. In the stationary phase, the highest protein and carbohydrate content was found to be 71.52 and 40.72 % of dry weight at 5 and 15 % CO sub(2), respectively. After 5 days of cultivation, the maximum dry weight biomass attained in these cultures was 1.149, 1.99, 1.75, and 1.65 g L super(-1) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 % CO sub(2), respectively, indicating that this strain has significant tolerance to CO sub(2). These results indicate that this strain is a promising candidate for use in biofixation of CO sub(2) from the flue gases emitted by industries, and it also has a strong potential as a feedstock for value-added substances.
