Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ...at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton-proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments-as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER-to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the high-luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity 'dark showers', highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.
Aims
To examine Salmonella and Escherichia coli in storm runoff and irrigation ponds used by fresh produce growers, and compare Salmonella serovars with those found in cases of human salmonellosis.
...Methods and Results
We collected water before and after rain events at two irrigation ponds on farms in southern Georgia, USA, and collected storm runoff/storm flow within the contributing watershed of each pond. Salmonella and E. coli concentrations were higher in ponds after rain events by an average of 0·46 (P < 0·01) and 0·61 (P < 0·05) log10 most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml respectively. Salmonella concentrations in storm runoff from fields and forests were not significantly higher than in ponds before rain events, but concentrations in storm flow from streams and ditches were higher by an average of 1·22 log10 MPN per 100 ml (P < 0·001). Eighteen Salmonella serovars were identified from 155 serotyped isolates, and eight serovars were shared between storm runoff/storm flow and ponds. Seven of the serovars, including five of the shared serovars, were present in cases of human illness in the study region in the same year. However, several serovars most commonly associated with human illness in the study region (e.g. Javiana, Enteritidis, and Montevideo) were not found in any water samples.
Conclusions
Salmonella and E. coli concentrations in irrigation ponds were higher, on average, after rain events, but concentrations of Salmonella were low, and the ponds met FDA water quality standards based on E. coli. Some similarities and notable differences were found between Salmonella serovars in water samples and in cases of human illness.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study directly examined storm runoff/storm flow into irrigation ponds and quantified increases in Salmonella and E. coli following rain events, with potential implications for irrigation pond management as well as human health.
•Easy-to-use and engaging smartphone application.•Interactive ET-based soil water balance model.•Uses meteorological data from weather station networks.•Estimates root zone soil water deficits ...(RZSWD).•Has mostly outperformed other irrigation scheduling tools.
The goal of this work was to develop an easy-to-use and engaging irrigation scheduling tool for cotton which operates on a smartphone platform. The model which drives the Cotton SmartIrrigation App (Cotton App) is an interactive ET-based soil water balance model. The Cotton App uses meteorological data from weather station networks, soil parameters, crop phenology, crop coefficients, and irrigation applications to estimate root zone soil water deficits (RZSWD) in terms of percent as well as of inches of water. The Cotton App sends notifications to the user when the RZSWD exceeds 40%, when phenological changes occur, and when rain is recorded at the nearest weather station. It operates on both iOS and Android operating systems and was released during March 2014. The soil water balance model was calibrated and validated during 2012 and 2013 using data from replicated plot experiments and commercial fields. The Cotton App was evaluated in field trials for three years and performed well when compared to other irrigation scheduling tools. Its geographical footprint is currently limited to the states of Georgia and Florida, United States, because it is enabled to use meteorological data only from weather station networks in these states. A new version is currently under development which will use national gridded meteorological data sets and allow the Cotton App to be used in most cotton growing areas of the United States.
Data and technology are available to support a real-time irrigation smartphone app for turf that would result in more efficient irrigation scheduling which is needed to reduce water volumes applied ...and increase irrigation water conservation. Objectives were to (1) develop a turf irrigation smartphone app for warm season turf that would generate real-time irrigation schedules for users to program automatic timers and (2) evaluate app performance in regards to turf quality and water volumes applied with a field plot study. A smartphone app was developed and tested in a plot study in Homestead, Florida, USA, from December 2013 to November 2014. Study treatments included different irrigation scheduling methods: time-based schedule, smartphone app, and two on-site evapotranspiration (ET) controllers. Results indicated that the app and ET controllers resulted in significantly lower irrigation depths compared to the time-based treatment, ranging in water savings from 42% to 57%. The difference among the app and ET controllers was how rainfall was integrated into the schedule. Use of the seasonal water conservation model in the smartphone app is recommended to compensate for the lack of on-site rainfall measurements in the generated irrigation schedule.
•Irrigation application amounts were evaluated using soil water depletion estimates.•In-season nitrogen rates were split at first square and bloom.•Optimal irrigation was replacing 50% of the ...depleted soil water until first bloom.•Optimal split nitrogen treatments varied across research locations and years.•Site-specific tools estimating soil nitrogen loss in-season are needed.
Nitrogen (N) and irrigation can be two of the costliest management inputs in United States (U.S.) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems. Furthermore, input amounts are often dependent on yearly environmental conditions, making it challenging to optimize N and irrigation management. The objectives of this research were to determine optimal N and irrigation management by: (i) evaluating equally split in-season N rates applied at first square and bloom in combination with varying levels of plant available water replacement (PAWR) estimated by an ET-based soil water balance model for cotton; and (ii) evaluate the whole-plant responses to the interaction between N and water management levels. Field experiments were conducted during 2015 and 2016 at two locations in Florida (Jay and Citra), southeastern U.S. with differing soil textures consisting of a deep sand and sandy loam. Irrigation treatments consisted of: (i) 100% of PAWR (100%); (ii) a primed acclimation (PA) treatment consisting of 50% of PAWR until first bloom and then 100% of PAWR (50%PA); (iii) 50% PAWR for the entire season (50%); (iv) a rain-fed control (RF). Nitrogen treatments consisted of even application splits at first square and bloom applied at a rate of 0 (N0), 22 (N22), 34 (N34), and 45 kg N ha−1 (N45). Lint yield assessments were conducted at both locations in both years. To link yield responses to possible physiological responses, in depth crop measurements consisting of SPAD chlorophyll content, leaf area index (LAI), N uptake, and harvest index (HI) were conducted at the Citra site. Contrasting soil textures and weather conditions between research locations and years allowed for a comprehensive assessment of both N and irrigation management across varying environmental conditions. Lint yield was either increased or at least maintained during the two years of this research at the Citra location by making two split N applications at first square and bloom of N22; while the optimal N treatment at the Jay location was N34 at first square and bloom in both years of this research. Additionally, a yield reduction occurred in the dry year of 2016 at the Citra location when N45 was applied at first square and bloom. The most efficient irrigation strategy at the Citra location was the primed acclimation treatment. At the Jay location, the RF control had similar lint yields as the irrigated treatments in both years, indicating that water application was not limiting at this site. These management strategies offer ways to optimize costly inputs when growing cotton in the southeastern U.S.
Mu2e Transport Solenoid Cold-Mass Alignment Issues Lopes, Mauricio; Ambrosio, Giorgio; Badgley, Karie E. ...
IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity,
06/2017, Letnik:
27, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The muon-to-electron conversion experiment (Mu2e) at Fermilab is designed to explore charged lepton flavor violation. It is composed of three large superconducting solenoids: the production solenoid, ...the transport solenoid (TS), and the detector solenoid. The TS is formed by two magnets: TS upstream and TS downstream. Each has its own cryostat and power supply. Tolerance sensitivity studies of the position and angular alignment of each coil in this magnet system were performed in the past with the objective to demonstrate that the magnet design meets all the field requirements. The alignment of the cold masses is critical to maximize the transmission of muons and to avoid possible backgrounds that would reduce the sensitivity of the experiment. Each TS magnet cold mass can be individually aligned. In this paper, we discuss the implications of the alignment of the TS cold masses in terms of the displacement of the magnetic center. Consideration of the practical mechanical limits is also presented.
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