Water demand has intensified the modernization of irrigation techniques, contributing to the optimization and/or development of technologies that aim to improve plant performance, such as nutrient ...uptake. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the macro- and micronutrient levels in leaves of ornamental sunflowers grown with different irrigation depths with magnetized water or ordinary water. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse following a 5x2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of a combination of 5 irrigation depths based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (0.2, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 ETc, corresponding to the irrigation depths of 56.47, 104.89, 133.94, 162.99, and 192.04 mm, respectively) and 2 types of irrigation water (magnetized water or ordinary water). The deepest irrigation depths generated the highest leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and zinc (Zn) and the lowest potassium (K), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) concentrations. The leaf concentrations of magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) were not significantly influenced by the irrigation depth. Ordinary water favored higher leaf concentrations of S, Cu, and Mn, while there were no significant differences between the water types regarding the levels of the other nutrients.
The present work was performed by applying the principal component analysis, in order to compare the water needs of banana, mango, grape, sugarcane, maize and beans crops in different regions of the ...São Francisco river basin, aiming to identify the climate elements that most influence the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in the locations of Pirapora-MG, Jaíba-MG, Barreiras-BA and Petrolina-PE. In addition, the locations with more similarities, according to the evaluated parameters, were verified by applying cluster analysis, and the equivalence relations between the studied crops were determined by integrating the parameters related to the climatic elements and the characteristics of crops and soils. Based on the principal components analysis, it was observed that the most significant climate elements for ET0 estimation were different for each place. The model with two components explained 90%, 88%, 95% and 97% of the total variance, respectively for the locations of Pirapora, Jaíba, Barreiras and Petrolina. Because it is in a semi-arid climate region, Petrolina showed high crop water needs, a behavior proven with the cluster analysis. The equivalence relations allowed comparing the water needs for the studied crops, providing, in general terms, a parameter comparison between the crops, and specifying which one will be more adequate depending on the water availability in the São Francisco basin.
With the water crisis affecting several countries, the use of innovative technologies and methods in irrigated agriculture is essential to increase water use efficiency. The use of magnetised water ...has been considered a possibility both for saving water resources and in increasing crop productivity and quality. Following this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth and longevity of flower stems of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.; Vincent's Choice) irrigated with different irrigation depths and water subjected to magnetic field treatment. The treatments consisted of five percentage of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (20, 70, 100, 130, and 160% of ETc) and two types of irrigation water (magnetised water; and ordinary water). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence diameter, fresh and dry masses of the leaves and stems, fresh and dry masses of the inflorescence, and post-harvest longevity of the flower stems. The growth and post-harvest longevity characteristics were not influenced by the water type. An increase in irrigation depth promoted an increase in all analysed parameters. Regarding the commercialisation patterns of cut flowers, depth equal to or greater than 0.7 ETc yielded the best classification of ornamental sunflower.
Hydroelectricity is responsible for the greatest fraction of the electric energy generated in Brazil. The water footprint of hydropower plants (WFP) is an important indicator of the sustainable and ...efficient use of water resources. In this context, WFP of the Sobradinho Hydropower Plant was determined for the period from 2003 to 2012, taking into account the reservoir’s historical variation for the flooded area. To accomplish this, monthly series of electric energy production, flooded area, evaporation and evapotranspiration rates were used. Average gross and net evaporation were 2,031 and 1,577 mm year-1, respectively. The average power generation of this facility in the analyzed period was 462 MW, and the flooded area of its reservoir presented an average value of 3,054 km². Based on the monthly data, the gross and net water footprints were, respectively, 417 and 325 m³ GJ-1. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the changes in the reservoir’s area exert direct and important influence on the WFP estimates of the Sobradinho hydropower plant. The WFP estimates in this study were different from other studies that adopted a constant value of 4,214 km² for this reservoir’s area, which is taken based on the normal water level of the plant operation.
A simulação hidrológica de bacias hidrográficas tem se tornado uma ferramenta importante de planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos, projetando-se inclusive a disponibilidade hídrica a partir das ...mudanças climáticas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do modelo hidrológico SWAT na simulação da vazão da bacia hidrográfica do rio Riachão, no Norte de Minas Gerais, sob impacto de cenários alternativos de elevação da temperatura média do ar. O modelo SWAT foi ajustado para o período de 01/01/2008 a 31/12/2014 e calibrado com os dados das vazões hidrometradas obtendo valores do coeficiente de eficiência Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) de 0,74 e 0,79 e tendência percentual (PBIAS) 15,45% e 16,72%, nas fases de calibração e validação, respectivamente. A disponibilidade de água superficial da bacia hidrográfica para comparação dos cenários foi calculada por meio da curva de permanência da vazão de referência Q90, obtendo-se o valor de 0,081 m3 s-1 para o modelo calibrado. Os cenários de aumento da temperatura média da bacia em 1,5; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 °C levaram ao decréscimo da Q90 em 7,66; 8,98; 10,49; 14,06 e 17,76%, respectivamente.Palavras-chave: escoamento superficial; modelo SWAT; cenários climáticos; gerenciamento de recursos hídricos. HYDROLOGICAL SIMULATION TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE FUNCTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE RIACHÃO RIVER BASIN, MG, BRAZIL ABSTRACT: The hydrological simulation of watersheds becomes a major tool for planning and management of water resources, including water availability prediction from global climate change. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the efficiency of the SWAT hydrologic model to simulate the stream flow of Riachão river basin, North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, under the impact of alternative scenarios with the increase in mean surface air temperature. The SWAT model was adjusted for 1/1/2008 to 12/31/2014 period and calibrated with data measurement obtaining values the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.74 and 0.79 and percent bias (PBIAS) of 15.45 and 16.72% was found to calibration and validation period, respectively. The surface water availability in the hydrographic basin was calculated by Q90 streamflow, with calibrated value of 0.081 m³s-1. The scenarios of increase in mean air temperature (1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 ºC) reduced Q90 by 7.66, 8.98, 10.49, 14.06 and 17.76%, respectively.Keywords: runoff; SWAT model; climate scenarios; water resource management.
PERDAS DE SOLO NA BACIA DO RIO CEDRO/MG A PARTIR DE IMAGENS DO SENSOR TM/LANDSAT-5 Mudanças no uso e na cobertura do solo podem provocar degradação em decorrência da perda de solo proveniente do ...arraste das partículas, resultando no assoreamento dos rios, o que causam danos muitas vezes irreversíveis. Portanto o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a perda de solo, por meio da Equação Universal de Perda do Solo (EUPS), na bacia do rio Cedro, norte de Minas Gerais, a partir de séries temporais de imagens de satélite LANDSAT-5/TM. Na metodologia foi inclusa a aquisição e classificação das imagens LANDSAT-5/TM para os anos de 1984, 1990, 2000 e 2011. Foram gerados mapas correspondentes aos parâmetros: erosividade, erodibilidade, grau de declive, comprimento do declive, mapa de uso e ocupação do solo e práticas conservacionistas. O mapa final de perda de solo foi elaborado no ambiente LEGAL/SPRING/versão 5.1.8 por meio da álgebra de mapas. As perdas de solo na bacia, para todos os anos, foram moderadas, para áreas mais suaves e com boa cobertura vegetal; até perda muito alta, para áreas de relevo com declividade superior a 20% e com pouca cobertura vegetal. A perda de solo para o ano de 1984 foi menor, enquanto que, para os anos de 1990 e 2000 foram registradas maiores perdas.Palavras-chave: sistema de informação geográfica, equação universal de perda de solo, degradação ambiental. ABSTRACTChanges in land use and land coverage can cause degradation due to soil loss from the drag of particles, ultimately leading to siltation of rivers and irreversible damage. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the soil loss in the basin of the Cedro river, north of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and time series of LANDSAT-5/TM satellite images. The methodology included the acquisition and classification of LANDSAT-5/TM images for the years 1984, 1990, 2000 and 2011. Maps corresponding to the following parameters were generated: erosivity; erodibility; slope degree; slope length, map of soil use and occupation and conservation practices. The final soil loss map was drawn up in the environment LEGAL/SPRING/version 5.1.8 through map algebra. Soil losses in the basin were moderate for all years in the case of areas with slight slopes and with good vegetation cover. In turn, soil loss was very high in the case of areas with slopes above 20% and with little vegetation cover. Soil loss for the year 1984 was lower, while major losses were recorded for the years 1990 and 2000.Keywords: geographic information system, universal equation of soil loss, environmental degradation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n05a01
O presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar as características morfométricas da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Catolé Grande, BA, utilizando dados SRTM em ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas ...(SIG). De posse do MDEHC e da delimitação da bacia foram obtidas diferentes características morfométricas. A área de drenagem encontrada foi de 3.128,81 km2 e o perímetro de 343,95 km. A bacia do Rio Catolé Grande apresentou altitude média de 652,69 m, declividade média de 13,51%, coeficiente de compacidade de 1,72, fator de forma de 0,29 e índice de circularidade de 0,33. A densidade de drenagem obtida foi de 0,34 km km-2. Após a análise dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a bacia possui formato irregular, baixa densidade de drenagem e baixa susceptibilidade a enchentes em condições normais de precipitação. As técnicas de geoprocessamento aplicadas e os dados SRTM utilizados se mostraram eficazes na obtenção das características morfométricas, sendo os resultados obtidos de forma rápida, confiável e com reprodutibilidade científica. Palavra-chave: morfometria, recursos hídricos, geoprocessamento. MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CATOLÉ GRANDE RIVER WATERSHED, BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the morphometric characteristics of Catolé Grande river watershed, Bahia state, Brazil, through SRTM data by using Geographic Information System (GIS). After obtaining MDEHC data and the watershed delimitation, different morphometric characteristics were also obtained. The drainage area found was 3.128,81 km2 and the perimeter was 343,95 km. Watershed of Catolé Grande river presents average height of 652.69 m, average declivity of 13.51%, compactness coefficient of 1.72, form factor 0.29 and circle index 0.33. Drainage density obtained for the watershed was 0.34 km km-2. After analysis of results obtained, it was concluded that the basin has irregular format, low drainage density and low susceptibility of the floods in normal precipitation condition . The applied Geoprocessing techniques and SRTM data used were efficient for obtaining morphometric characteristics. The results were obtained quickly, reliable and with scientific replication. Keywords: morphometry, water resources, geoprocessing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v02n04a05
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A evaporação é um dos principais processos envolvidos no balanço hídrico e de calor. Estudos que possibilitem a obtenção de estimativas precisas de evaporação em reservatórios representam uma importante ação para o adequado gerenciamento e manejo dos recursos hídricos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estimar a evaporação, a partir da aplicação dos modelos matemáticos Penman, Linacre, Kohler et al., Thornthwaite e Complementary Relationship Lake Evaporation – CRLE e pela metodologia do Tanque Classe A, nos reservatórios de Sobradinho e de Três Marias, localizados no rio São Francisco; e verificar se estações meteorológicas localizadas ao entorno dos reservatórios podem ser utilizadas para predizer a evaporação. Para alcançar os objetivos foram obtidas séries históricas de dados meteorológicos das estações localizadas nos reservatórios e nas cidades vizinhas. Por meio dos modelos Penman, Linacre, Kohler et al., Thornthwaite, CRLE e pelo método do tanque Classe A (com coeficientes de tanque de 0,4, 0,6 e 0,8) foi possível estimar a evaporação nos reservatórios. A comparação entre os modelos foi feita aplicando-se teste “t” ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Foi realizada análise de sensibilidade dos modelos aos dados meteorológicos de entrada e teste do parâmetro β 1, por meio do teste “t”, para comparar as evaporações estimadas pelas diferentes estações. As lâminas evaporadas foram convertidas em vazão evaporada para verificar a quantidade de água que deixa de passar pelas turbinas geradoras de energia. Os resultados permitiram constatar que: a) a evaporação média anual no reservatório de Sobradinho estimada pelo modelo de Penman foi de 2.108 mm e no reservatório de Três Marias foi de 1.615 mm; b) em relação ao modelo de Penman, o modelo Linacre superestima a evaporação para os dois reservatórios; c) os modelos Kohler et al. e Thornthwaite subestimam a evaporação, em relação a Penman, para os dois reservatórios; d) o único modelo que apresenta sensibilidade à precipitação é Linacre; e) a vazão média decorrente da evaporação para o reservatório de Sobradinho e Três Marias é 203 m3 s-1 e 39 respectivamente, e; f) As estações meteorológicas m3 s-1, localizadas no reservatório, estimam evaporações estatisticamente diferentes daquelas obtidas pelas estações ao entorno dos reservatórios de Sobradinho e Três Marias, com exceção do modelo Kohler et al. em Sobradinho, e do modelo Linacre em Três Marias.
Evaporation is one of the main processes involved in the water balance and in the thermal stratification in reservoirs. Studies that permit the obtainment of precise reservoir evaporation estimates are important for the correct administration and management of the water resources. Therefore evaporation estimates were made by applying various mathematical models to measure the evaporation of the Sobradinho Reservoir and the Três Marias Reservoir located in the São Francisco River: Penman, Linacre, Kohler et al., Thornthwaite, Complementary Relationship Lake Evaporation – CRLE, and by the Class A pan evaporation methodology. These estimates were also used to verify the evaporation prediction capability of the meteorological stations near the reservoirs. Historical records of meteorological data of these stations were found in the reservoirs and in the nearby cities. By means of the Penman, Linacre, Kohler et al., Thornthwaite, and CRLE models; and the Class A pan methodology (with pan coefficients of 0,4, 0,6, and 0,8) it was possible to estimate the reservoirs' evaporation. The comparison between the models was made by applying the t-test at the significance level of 0.05. The sensitivity analysis of the models to the entered meteorological data and the β parameter estimation, by means of the t-test, were realized to compare the evaporation estimates of the stations. The evaporate depths were converted into evaporated flow to verify the amount of water that does not pass through the power generating turbines. The results allowed for the following to be determined: a) in relation to the Penman model, the annual average evaporation of the Sobradinho Reservoir was of 2.108 mm and of the Três Marias Reservoir was of 1.615 mm; b) in relation to the Penman model, the Linacre model overestimates the evaporation for both of the reservoirs; c) the Kohler et al. and the Thornthwaite models underestimate the evaporation in relation to the Penman model for both of the reservoirs; d) only the Linacre model presents sensitivity to the precipitation; e) the average flow corresponding to the evaporation of the reservoirs are respectively of 203 m3 s-1 and of 39 m3 s-1 for the Sobradinho Reservoir and the Três Marias Reservoir; and f) the meteorological stations located on the lakes estimated evaporation rates statistically different from those obtained from the stations nearby the Sobradinho and the Três Marias lakes, with the exception of the Kohler et al. model in the Sobradinho Reservoir, and the Linacre model in the Três Marias Reservoir.
The vaginal microbiome is dominated by Lactobacillus spp. and the depletion of these microorganisms have been associated with adverse conditions that can affect women's health. Disturbance of the ...vaginal niche with a non-lactobacillary microbiota is associated with susceptibility to some diseases, such as obstetric alterations and infertility, resulting in failure in natural pregnancies and increased demand for assisted reproduction treatments. The present study sought to understand the influence of Lactobacillus spp. and fertility female. A systematic search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS, using the keywords: "Microbiome"; "Lactobacillus" and "Female Infertility", published in the last five years. The search resulted in 92 articles; however, 38 articles were excluded due to duplicity, 23 articles were excluded in the selection title/abstract, leaving 31 articles for full reading. In the end, 18 articles were analyzed. The studies encompassed a total of 2,011 women, using 27 types of samples to verify the composition of the microbiome. The eighteen articles that reported the microbiome of fertile women were constituted by a dominance of Lactobacillus spp. who joined to positive predictive outcomes in reproduction, while infertile women showed a dysbiotic profile. Therefore, analyzing bacterial patterns would allow a personalized diagnosis, which could favor personalized therapy for prevention and treatment of certain diseases.
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