2009 Association of American University Presses Award for Jacket Design
In the 1990s, improving the quality of life became a primary focus and a popular catchphrase of the governments of New York and ...many other American cities. Faced with high levels of homelessness and other disorders associated with a growing disenfranchised population, then mayor Rudolph Giuliani led New York's zero tolerance campaign against what was perceived to be an increase in disorder that directly threatened social and economic stability. In a traditionally liberal city, the focus had shifted dramatically from improving the lives of the needy to protecting the welfare of the middle and upper classes—a decidedly neoconservative move.
In City of Disorder , Alex S. Vitale analyzes this drive to restore moral order which resulted in an overhaul of the way New York views such social problems as prostitution, graffiti, homelessness, and panhandling. Through several fascinating case studies of New York neighborhoods and an in-depth look at the dynamics of the NYPD and of the city's administration itself, Vitale explains why Republicans have won the last four New York mayoral elections and what the long-term impact Giuliani's zero tolerance method has been on a city historically known for its liberalism.
The Safer Cities Initiative (SCI), with its massive influx of law enforcement resources, undoubtedly was effective in sweeping the streets of the poor and homeless in the Skid Row area of downtown ...Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Police Department and its boosters at the Manhattan Institute have claimed victory in the ideological battle to prove that the solution to crime and poverty is not more social spending but instead, expanded and more aggressive law enforcement targeting some of the poorest and most vulnerable populations in society. Here, Vitale examines whether a massive influx of law enforcement resources is the most cost-effective way of reducing crime and the social problems of homelessness and the poverty associated with it and whether the primary goal of the SCI was really to reduce crime and homelessness or instead to remove a large concentration of poor people forcibly from Skid Row in hopes of encouraging the subsequent gentrification of the area.
Beginning with the World Trade Organization protests in Seattle in 1999, American police have been confronted by numerous large demonstrations focusing mostly on international trade issues and the ...war in Iraq. In most instances, both demonstrators and police have avoided large-scale confrontations. In some demonstrations, however, high levels of police force have been used against both violent and passive crowds. As the number of these protests continues to rise, police departments need to make important decisions about the strategic orientation they bring to them. This article reviews the policing strategies employed by the New York Police Department (NYPD) over the last six years by focusing on their handling of a major anti-war rally in February of 2003. It will explain why the NYPD's tactics on 15 February were so different from the way other police departments around the world deal with their major protests. To do this, three case studies of large demonstrations held in New York City in the past six years are provided to show that there is a consistent set of practice in use based on the "broken windows" theory. This new style of protest policing can be called "command and control" because of its attempt to micro-manage demonstrations in an effort to prevent disorder and the disruption of everyday life.
Driven by pressures from multiple stakeholders, supply chain transparency (SCT) has emerged as a phenomenon of increased interest. To address concerns about practices and processes at point of origin ...locations for raw materials in global supply chains, blockchain technology (BCT) has the potential to enhance SCT. Supply chain research has started to advance the field's understanding of SCT, but many questions remain, including how SCT should be conceptualized, how firms can effectively facilitate it, and the benefits of providing it, especially when BCT is utilized. The gaps suggest the need for fundamental theoretical development about the resources and capabilities underlying the development, application, and derived value of SCT. This research designed a case study around a BCT implementation project between a small artisan coffee producer and a startup BCT service provider. Using the resource orchestration perspective, the findings result in theoretical insights about how the mechanisms in structuring, bundling, and leveraging processes operate to offer SCT to stakeholders, and the value creation derived as a result.
Several scholars have described the development of new policing strategies in New York City over the last ten years that emphasize the elimination of public disorder, consistent with the "broken ...windows" theory, and sometimes referred to as "quality of life" policing. These works, however, have not dealt with the process of police innovation and in particular have paid little attention to the role of community-based actors in the process. This article will show how any effort to understand the development of new policing styles requires an analysis of the police as a public institution that needs a high level of public legitimacy in order to function effectively. I will utilize four neighbourhood-based case studies to show that the process of innovation in New York City was driven by a loss of public legitimacy combined with specific calls for changes in the values, mission and core strategies of the police by community-based actors. The result was the development of the new "quality of life" style of policing well before the arrival of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and Police Commissioner William Bratton, who are frequently credited with the creation of this new style of policing.
