ABSTRACT We present X-ray source catalogs for the 7 Ms exposure of the Chandra Deep Field-South (CDF-S), which covers a total area of 484.2 arcmin2. Utilizing wavdetect for initial source detection ...and ACIS Extract for photometric extraction and significance assessment, we create a main source catalog containing 1008 sources that are detected in up to three X-ray bands: 0.5-7.0 keV, 0.5-2.0 keV, and 2-7 keV. A supplementary source catalog is also provided, including 47 lower-significance sources that have bright ( ) near-infrared counterparts. We identify multiwavelength counterparts for 992 (98.4%) of the main-catalog sources, and we collect redshifts for 986 of these sources, including 653 spectroscopic redshifts and 333 photometric redshifts. Based on the X-ray and multiwavelength properties, we identify 711 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the main-catalog sources. Compared to the previous 4 Ms CDF-S catalogs, 291 of the main-catalog sources are new detections. We have achieved unprecedented X-ray sensitivity with average flux limits over the central 1 arcmin2 region of 1.9 × 10−17, 6.4 × 10−18, and 2.7 × 10−17 erg cm−2 s−1 in the three X-ray bands, respectively. We provide cumulative number-count measurements observing, for the first time, that normal galaxies start to dominate the X-ray source population at the faintest 0.5-2.0 keV flux levels. The highest X-ray source density reaches 50,500 deg−2, and 47% 4% of these sources are AGNs ( 23,900 deg−2).
We imaged, with ALMA and ARGOS/LUCI, the molecular gas and dust and stellar continuum in XID2028, which is an obscured quasi-stellar object (QSO) at z = 1.593, where the presence of a massive outflow ...in the ionised gas component traced by the OIII5007 emission has been resolved up to 10 kpc. This target represents a unique test case to study QSO feedback in action at the peak epoch of AGN-galaxy co-evolution. The QSO was detected in the CO(5 − 4) transition and in the 1.3 mm continuum at ~30 and ~20σ significance, respectively; both emissions are confined in the central (<2 kpc) radius area. Our analysis suggests the presence of a fast rotating molecular disc (v ~ 400 km s−1) on very compact scales well inside the galaxy extent seen in the rest-frame optical light (~10 kpc, as inferred from the LUCI data). Adding available measurements in additional two CO transitions, CO(2 − 1) and CO(3 − 2), we could derive a total gas mass of ~1010 M⊙, thanks to a critical assessment of CO excitation and the comparison with the Rayleigh–Jeans continuum estimate. This translates into a very low gas fraction (<5%) and depletion timescales of 40–75 Myr, reinforcing the result of atypical gas consumption conditions in XID2028, possibly because of feedback effects on the host galaxy. Finally, we also detect the presence of high velocity CO gas at ~5σ, which we interpret as a signature of galaxy-scale molecular outflow that is spatially coincident with the ionised gas outflow. XID2028 therefore represents a unique case in which the measurement of total outflowing mass, of ~500–800 M⊙ yr−1 including the molecular and atomic components in both the ionised and neutral phases, was attempted for a high-z QSO.
ABSTRACT
Observations in the local universe show a tight correlation between the masses of supermassive black holes (SMBHs; MBH) and host-galaxy bulges (Mbulge), suggesting a strong connection ...between SMBH and bulge growth. However, direct evidence for such a connection in the distant universe remains elusive. We have studied sample-averaged SMBH accretion rate ($\overline{\rm BHAR}$) for bulge-dominated galaxies at z = 0.5–3. While previous observations found $\overline{\rm BHAR}$ is strongly related to host-galaxy stellar mass (M⋆) for the overall galaxy population, our analyses show that, for the bulge-dominated population, $\overline{\rm BHAR}$ is mainly related to SFR rather than M⋆. This ${\overline{\rm BHAR}}$–SFR relation is highly significant, e.g. 9.0σ (Pearson statistic) at z = 0.5–1.5. Such a $\overline{\rm BHAR}$–SFR connection does not exist among our comparison sample of galaxies that are not bulge dominated, for which M⋆ appears to be the main determinant of SMBH accretion. This difference between the bulge-dominated and comparison samples indicates that SMBHs only coevolve with bulges rather than the entire galaxies, explaining the tightness of the local MBH−Mbulge correlation. Our best-fitting ${\overline{\rm BHAR}}$–SFR relation for the bulge-dominated sample is ${\log \overline{\rm BHAR}= \log \mathrm{SFR} - (2.48\pm 0.05)}$ (solar units). The best-fitting $\overline{\rm BHAR}/\mathrm{SFR}$ ratio (10−2.48) for bulge-dominated galaxies is similar to the observed MBH/Mbulge values in the local universe. Our results reveal that SMBH and bulge growth are in lockstep, and thus non-causal scenarios of merger averaging are unlikely the origin of the MBH−Mbulge correlation. This lockstep growth also predicts that the MBH−Mbulge relation should not have strong redshift dependence.
ABSTRACT
We investigate the infrared (IR) emission of high-redshift (z ∼ 6), highly star-forming (${{\rm SFR}\gt 100\,{\rm M}_{\odot }\, {\rm yr}^{-1}}$) galaxies, with/without active galactic nuclei ...(AGN), using a suite of cosmological simulations featuring dust radiative transfer. Synthetic spectral energy distributions (SEDs) are used to quantify the relative contribution of stars/AGN to dust heating. In dusty (Md ≳ 3 × 107 M⊙) galaxies, ≳50–90 per cent of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation is obscured by dust inhomogeneities on scales ≳100 pc. In runs with AGN, a clumpy, warm (≈250 K) dust component coexists with a colder (≈60 K) and more diffuse one, heated by stars. Warm dust provides up to ${50 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}}$ of the total infrared (IR) luminosity, but only ${\lesssim}0.1 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total mass content. The AGN boosts the MIR flux by 10–100 times with respect to star-forming galaxies, without significantly affecting the far-IR. Our simulations successfully reproduce the observed SED of bright (MUV ∼ −26) z ∼ 6 quasars, and show that these objects are part of complex, dust-rich merging systems, containing multiple sources (accreting black holes and/or star-forming galaxies) in agreement with recent HST and ALMA observations. Our results show that the proposed ORIGINS missions will be able to investigate the mid-IR (MIR) properties of dusty star-forming galaxies and to obtain good-quality spectra of bright quasars at z ∼ 6. Finally, the MIR-to-FIR flux ratio of faint (MUV ∼ −24) AGN is >10 times higher than for normal star-forming galaxies. This implies that combined JWST/ORIGINS/ALMA observations will be crucial to identify faint and/or dust-obscured AGN in the distant Universe.
ABSTRACT
Recent measurements of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) and cosmic radio background (CRB) obtained with Chandra and ARCADE2 (Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse ...Emission) report signals in excess of those expected from known sources, suggesting the presence of a yet undiscovered population of emitters. We investigate the hypothesis that such excesses are due to primordial black holes (PBHs) that may constitute a substantial fraction of dark matter (DM). We present a novel semi-analytical model that predicts X-ray and radio emission due to gas accretion on to PBHs, assuming that they are distributed both inside DM haloes and in the intergalactic medium (IGM). Our model includes a self-consistent treatment of heating/ionization feedback on the surrounding environment. We find that (i) the emission from PBHs accreting in the IGM is subdominant at all times ($1{{\ \rm per\ cent}} \le I_{\rm IGM}/I_{\rm tot} \le 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$); (ii) most of the CXB/CRB emission comes from PBHs in DM mini-haloes (Mh ≤ 106 M⊙) at early epochs ($z$ > 6). While a small fraction ($f_{\rm PBH} \simeq 0.3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of DM in the form of PBHs can account for the total observed CXB excess, the CRB one cannot be explained by PBHs. Our results set the strongest existing constraint on fPBH ≤ 3 × 10−4 (30/MPBH) in the mass range of $1 \!-\! 1000 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. Finally, we comment on the implications of our results on the global H i 21 cm signal.
Context. X-ray emission from quasars (QSOs) has been used to assess supermassive black hole accretion properties up to z ≈ 6. However, at z > 6 only ≈15 QSOs are covered by sensitive X-ray ...observations, preventing a statistically significant investigation of the X-ray properties of the QSO population in the first Gyr of the Universe. Aims. We present new Chandra observations of a sample of 10 z > 6 QSOs, selected to have virial black-hole mass estimates from Mg II line spectroscopy log M BH M ⊙ = 8.5 − 9.6 $ \left(\log\frac{M_{\mathrm{BH}}}{M_\odot}=8.5{-}9.6\right) $ . Adding archival X-ray data for an additional 15 z > 6 QSOs, we investigate the X-ray properties of the QSO population in the first Gyr of the Universe. In particular, we focus on the LUV − LX relation, which is traced by the αox parameter, and the shape of their X-ray spectra. Methods. We performed photometric analyses to derive estimates of the X-ray luminosities of our z > 6 QSOs, and thus their αox values and bolometric corrections (Kbol = Lbol/LX). We compared the resulting αox and Kbol distributions with the results found for QSO samples at lower redshift, and ran several statistical tests to check for a possible evolution of the LUV − LX relation. Finally, we performed a basic X-ray spectral analysis of the brightest z > 6 QSOs to derive their individual photon indices, and joint spectral analysis of the whole sample to estimate the average photon index. Results. We detect seven of the new Chandra targets in at least one standard energy band, while two more are detected discarding energies E > 5 keV, where background dominates. We confirm a lack of significant evolution of αox with redshift, which extends the results from previous works up to z > 6 with a statistically significant QSO sample. Furthermore, we confirm the trend of an increasing bolometric correction with increasing luminosity found for QSOs at lower redshifts. The average power-law photon index of our sample ( ⟨Γ⟩ = 2.20−0.34+0.39 ⟨ Γ ⟩ = 2 . 20 − 0.34 + 0.39 $ \langle\Gamma\rangle=2.20_{-0.34}^{+0.39} $ and ⟨Γ⟩ = 2.13−0.13+0.13 ⟨ Γ ⟩ = 2 . 13 − 0.13 + 0.13 $ \langle\Gamma\rangle=2.13_{-0.13}^{+0.13} $ for sources with < 30 and > 30 net counts, respectively) is slightly steeper than, but still consistent with, typical QSOs at z = 1 − 6. Conclusions. All of these results indicate a lack of substantial evolution of the inner accretion-disk and hot-corona structure in QSOs from low redshift to z > 6. Our data hint at generally high Eddington ratios at z > 6.
We investigate the dependence of black hole accretion rate (BHAR) on host-galaxy star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass (M*) in the CANDELS/GOODS-South field in the redshift range of . Our sample ...consists of galaxies, allowing us to probe galaxies with and/or . We use sample-mean BHAR to approximate long-term average BHAR. Our sample-mean BHARs are derived from the Chandra Deep Field-South 7 Ms observations, while the SFRs and M* have been estimated by the CANDELS team through spectral energy distribution fitting. The average BHAR is correlated positively with both SFR and M*, and the BHAR-SFR and BHAR-M* relations can both be described acceptably by linear models with a slope of unity. However, BHAR appears to be correlated more strongly with M* than SFR. This result indicates that M* is the primary host-galaxy property related to supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth, and the apparent BHAR-SFR relation is largely a secondary effect due to the star-forming main sequence. Among our sources, massive galaxies ( ) have significantly higher BHAR/SFR ratios than less massive galaxies, indicating that the former have higher SMBH fueling efficiency and/or higher SMBH occupation fraction than the latter. Our results can naturally explain the observed proportionality between and M* for local giant ellipticals and suggest that their is higher than that of local star-forming galaxies. Among local star-forming galaxies, massive systems might have higher compared to dwarfs.
While theoretical arguments predict that most of the early growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) happened during heavily obscured phases of accretion, current methods used for selecting z > 6 ...quasars (QSOs) are strongly biased against obscured QSOs, thus considerably limiting our understanding of accreting SMBHs during the first gigayear of the Universe from an observational point of view. We report the Chandra discovery of the first heavily obscured QSO candidate in the early universe, hosted by a close (≈5 kpc) galaxy pair at z = 6.515. One of the members is an optically classified type-1 QSO, PSO167–13. The companion galaxy was first detected as a C II emitter by Atacama large millimeter array (ALMA). An X-ray source is significantly (P = 0.9996) detected by Chandra in the 2–5 keV band, with < 1.14 net counts in the 0.5–2 keV band, although the current positional uncertainty does not allow a conclusive association with either PSO167–13 or its companion galaxy. From X-ray photometry and hardness-ratio arguments, we estimated an obscuring column density of NH > 2 × 1024 cm−2 and NH > 6 × 1023 cm−2 at 68% and 90% confidence levels, respectively. Thus, regardless of which of the two galaxies is associated with the X-ray emission, this source is the first heavily obscured QSO candidate at z > 6.
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