The paper deals with modern constitutional legal arrangement of crown succession in European monarchies (Kingdom of Belgium, Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom ...of Spain, Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; the Principalities of Andorra, Liechtenstein and Monaco were not included in this review as well as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg). A general historical review and the development review of this institute in Great Britain has been done. This institute is determined by the genealogical tree of ruling monarch family and a series of additional criteria that, in certain countries, are not congruent to standards of discrimination prohibition and citizen equality in a democratic society. Hereditary monarchy is a discriminatory form of governmental reign per se where, in modern democratic society that proclaims equality (of chances), someone is acceded to the throne by a coincidence of birth in a certain family making him directly the head of state. In this sense, any discrimination debate about the institute of monarch succession becomes superfluous. Still, if a hereditary monarchy already exists as a constitutional and political givenness, the question of the justification of constitutional provisions on sex inequality arises regarding priority in succession line, monarch's denomination and other persons' in the succession line, excluding the extramarital children out of the succession line. These constitutional provisions are in sharp contrast to international conventions in question that these countries ratified. "Disputable" constitutional provisions concerning the whole social community imply that universally accepted social values do not have a reflection in the head of state who should personify that national community. Possibilities of constitutional reforms are analysed regarding discriminatory provisions in the succession line of Spain, Great Britain and of the Scandinavian monarchies. Adapted from the source document.
Premda bolest može jednako zadesiti svakoga od ljudi u životnoj vrevi, ipak kada pogodi predsjednika republike ili vlade, u javnosti se stvara drugačija percepcija.Slika snage i sposobnosti državnog ...dužnosnika od kritične je važnosti za uživanje povjerenja javnosti i stabilnost političkog sustava. Elementarno pitanje koje se javlja jest što kada zbog zdravstvenih razloga izostane željena predodžba javnosti: treba li priopćiti javnosti informacije o njegovu zdravstvenom stanju, u kojoj mjeri, ili ih treba zatajiti, možda i zataškati. U ovome radu želimo razmotriti situaciju bolesti koja zahvaća visokog državnog dužnosnika: predsjednika države, predsjednika vlade, ministra, člana predstavničkog tijela, dakle političara, te njezin utjecaj na njegovo djelovanje i donošenje odluka što može imati ili ima posljedice za javni interes i državne politike koje se provode. Razmatra se sadržaj i priroda odnosa liječnika ili liječničkog tima i visokog državnog dužnosnika, koja je uloga liječnika u donošenju odluke da je potrebno provesti postupak zamjenjivanja visokog državnog dužnosnika zbog bolesti koja ga priječi da obnaša svoje ovlasti i dužnosti, izvješćivanju javnosti o zdravstvenom stanju državnog dužnosnika, kada i treba li biti ograničeno, te razvoj kulture javnosti u tom području. Analizirana je bolest prvog hrvatskog predsjednika dr. Franje Tuđmana iz gore navedenih aspekata, te autor daje pregled i ocjenu njezina političkog i ustavnopravnog rješavanja uz komentar trenutne ustavne regulacije ovoga problema.
The paper deals with an analysis and review of the basics on the institution of the head of state in constitutional legal science and politology. It gives a brief review of historical development of ...this institution, deems legal theoretical correlation in determining the ruling form in certain states and the nature of the head of state position, as well as the relationship between the head of state and government models and a contemporary position of a monarch. Having recognized all issues and disadvantages of comparing and generalizing, the authors convey a summary of tasks that are mainly but not everywhere cumulative, related to the function of the head of state regardless of government model and ruling form in a national community. Functions and authorities in various countries belong to the heads of state to different extent and are implemented differently. However, the authors make a conclusion that political conditions and psychological features of a person embodying the head of state need to be taken into consideration.
Empathy Among Orthopaedic Surgery Trainees Sabharwal, Samir; Lin, Carol; Weistroffer, Joseph K ...
JB & JS open access,
2021 Jul-Sep, Letnik:
6, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
It has been postulated that the process of-and stresses associated with-medical training may cause a loss of empathy among trainees. Because empathy is considered an important value for clinicians ...and may even be associated with better patient outcomes, we assessed the empathy of orthopaedic surgery trainees and identified factors associated with empathy.
Between June and September 2020, an anonymous survey was distributed electronically to trainees in 23 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency programs via the Collaborative Orthopaedic Educational Research Group. The survey comprised the validated Short-Form 8-Item Empathy Quotient (EQ-8) questionnaire-scored on a scale of 0, least empathetic, to 16, most empathetic-and single-item measure of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization derived from the Maslach Burnout Index-scored using a frequency scale. In total, 438 of 605 (72%) trainees completed the survey. The scores were compared via one-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction and Tukey post-hoc testing, α = 0.05.
The mean (±SD) EQ-8 score among respondents was 11.3 ± 3.3. Women scored significantly higher (mean, 12.2 ± 2.8) than men (mean, 11.2 ± 3.3) (p = 0.02). Mean scores were significantly higher for trainees planning on a career in academic medicine (12.0 ± 2.9) than those intending to pursue private practice (10.9 ± 3.3) or those with a military commitment (10.4 ± 3.4) (p = 0.01). An inverse relationship was found between EQ-8 scores and single-item Maslach Burnout Index measures in depersonalization and emotional exhaustion (both, p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in EQ-8 scores across postgraduate year, program location, primary training setting, intended fellowship, relationship status, or whether they reported having children.
We found no association between postgraduate year and EQ-8 score. Women and those intending to pursue a career in academic medicine had significantly higher levels of empathy. A significant inverse relationship was found between burnout and empathy. Respondents with higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization had lower levels of empathy.
Background: Few evidence-based suggestions are available to help applicants and mentors improve reapplication outcomes. We sought to provide program directors' (PDs) perspectives on actionable steps ...to improve reapplicants' chances for a match. Methods: The PDs were asked to rank positions unmatched applicants can pursue, steps these applicants can take for the next application cycle, and reasons why reapplicants do not match. Results: Responses from 66 of 123 PDs were received (53.6% response rate). Obtaining new recommendation letters and rotating with orthopaedics were the highest 20 ranked steps unmatched applicants can take. No curriculum vitae (CV) improvement, poor interview, and poor letters of recommendation were the most important reasons hindering applicants from matching when reapplying. Conclusions: Steps reapplicants could prioritize include obtaining new recommendation letters, rotating in orthopaedics, and producing new research items. CV strengthening and improving interview skills address the 2 main reasons why unmatched applicants failed in subsequent attempts. Level of Evidence: Level IV
Background:. Few evidence-based suggestions are available to help applicants and mentors improve reapplication outcomes. We sought to provide program directors' (PDs) perspectives on actionable steps ...to improve reapplicants' chances for a match. Methods:. The PDs were asked to rank positions unmatched applicants can pursue, steps these applicants can take for the next application cycle, and reasons why reapplicants do not match. Results:. Responses from 66 of 123 PDs were received (53.6% response rate). Obtaining new recommendation letters and rotating with orthopaedics were the highest 20 ranked steps unmatched applicants can take. No curriculum vitae (CV) improvement, poor interview, and poor letters of recommendation were the most important reasons hindering applicants from matching when reapplying. Conclusions:. Steps reapplicants could prioritize include obtaining new recommendation letters, rotating in orthopaedics, and producing new research items. CV strengthening and improving interview skills address the 2 main reasons why unmatched applicants failed in subsequent attempts. Level of Evidence:. Level IV
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