There are few practical methods available for evaluating training loads (TL) during swimming. The purpose of this study was to examine the ecological validity of the session-rating of perceived ...exertion (RPE) method for quantifying internal TL in competitive swimmers using heart rate (HR)-based methods and distance as criterion measures. This study also examined the correspondence between athlete and coach perceptions of internal TL using the session-RPE method. Twelve (six male, six female) well-trained swimmers (mean +/- SD: age 22.3 +/- 3.1 years, weight 71.8 +/- 11.6 kg, height 175.0 +/- 9.0 cm) participated in this study. All subjects completed a swimming step test to evaluate individual HR zones and blood lactate profile before undertaking 20 swim training sessions where RPE, HR, and distance covered were recorded. Training load was then calculated for each session using the session-RPE, HR-based methods, and session distance. The session-RPE scores were correlated to HR-based methods for measuring internal TL as well as training distance for each swimmer. All individual correlations between session-RPE, HR-based methods (r = 0.55-0.94; p < 0.05), and distance measures (r = 0.37-0.81; p < 0.05) were significant. Two-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant interaction for training intensity x coach-athlete perception, indicating that coach RPE was lower than athlete RPE for low-intensity sessions and higher than athlete RPE at high-intensity sessions. The results of this study suggest that session-RPE may provide a practical, noninvasive method for quantifying internal TL in competitive swimmers.
van Gogh, MJ, Wallace, LK, and Coutts, AJ. Positional demands and physical activity profiles of netball. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1422-1430, 2020-The aim of this study was to examine the activity ...profiles and physiological demands of netball. Eleven representative youth netball players participated in this study. Global positioning system, heart rate, and accelerometer data were collected during 8 competitive matches. Sport-specific skills were analyzed using notational methods. The main findings were that players traveled less distance during a match than previously reported. The center covered significantly greater distances than the other positions (p < 0.001). The goal shooter and goal keeper covered the least distance and endured lower accelerometer loads than other positions (p < 0.001). Very low levels of very high-speed running and sprint efforts were observed across all positions. The proportion of time spent in the high (>85% maximum heart rate HRmax) HR zone ranged from 7.0 to 62.6%, highlighting a high variation in cardiovascular demands between each position. The center and goal attack had the greatest cardiovascular demands spending significantly more time in the high (>85% HRmax) HR zone (p < 0.001). The goal shooter and goal keeper spent significantly more time in the low (<70% HRmax) HR zone (p < 0.001). Players in attacking positions were shown to pass/catch significantly more players than in defending positions (p < 0.001). Players in defending positions had higher number of deflections and intercepts compared with players in attacking positions (p < 0.001). These findings reveal significant positional differences in activity profiles and movement demands in netball. These data can be used to refine position-specific training practice and guide tactical strategies during competition.
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate exercise enjoyment in high-intensity multimodal training (HIMT) in current and previous HIMT participants and identify factors associated with ...HIMT that mediate exercise enjoyment and motivation. Design and setting A 124-item web-based survey was distributed to a cross-sectional voluntary convenience sample from August to the end of September 2021. Participants Global current and previous HIMT participants. Results The final sample included 469 responses (completion rate: 61.6%). Among eligible respondents (n=434), 379 were current HIMT participants, 55 were previous HIMT participants. Current participants demonstrated high enjoyment (Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale). The most frequently reported reasons for increased enjoyment and motivation to continue HIMT in current participants included (1) it keeps me fit, (2) training in a group and (3) variety in a session . The most frequently reported reasons for reduced motivation to continue HIMT among previous HIMT participants included (1) other (injury, COVID-19 restrictions, low motivation, personal preferences) , (2) work commitments and (3) I started another type of sport, exercise or training . Conclusions These findings indicate that HIMT is an enjoyable training method among current participants. The most commonly reported reasons for increased enjoyment and motivation were associated with the combined training method and the group environment. Reasons for reduced motivation to continue HIMT among previous HIMT participants may be related to commonly reported barriers to exercise and personal factors.
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the criterion validity and test-retest reliability of common methods for quantifying training load. Ten (5 men and 5 women) recreational athletes ...(mean ± SD, VO2max: 37.0 ± 4.3 ml·kg-1·min-1; age: 23.8 ± 8.4 years) completed 18 randomly assigned steady state (SS) and interval (INT) training sessions during a 6-week period. Steady-state sessions were 18 minutes in duration and were performed at 35, 50, and 65% of maximum work capacity (Wmax). Interval sessions were performed at 50, 60, and 70% of Wmax with a work to rest ratio of 1:1 and matched for total work with the 50% SS session. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout all sessions, whereas blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) measures were taken every 6 minutes during sessions. Session-RPE (sRPE) was collected after each exercise bout. All individual correlations between VO2 and external work (r = 0.88-0.97), HR (r = 0.65-0.90), and RPE-based methods (r = 0.55-0.89) were statistically significant. External work correlated best with the total VCombining Dot AboveO2 and was significantly different from RPE-based methods. A poor level of test-retest reliability was shown for Banister's TRIMP (15.6% coefficient of variation CV), Lucia's TRIMP (10.7% CV), and sRPE (28.1% CV). Good reliability was shown for HR (3.9% CV) and a moderate level for RPE 6-20 (8.5% CV) as a measure of exercise intensity. These results suggest external work to be the most valid and reliable method for quantifying training load. Poor levels of reliability were reported for each of the HR-based TRIMP methods and RPE-based methods.
Tom Ford and His Kind Wallace, Lee
Criticism (Detroit),
2014, Letnik:
56, Številka:
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Journal Article
Recenzirano
A parallel phenomenon would be "Same Love" (2012), hip-hop artist Macklemore's rap defense of gay marriage and its accompanying video that, assisted by Mary Lambert's lesbian vocal hook, movingly ...reveals the life narrative of same-sex interracial love interspersed with archival footage of civil-rights demonstrations from the 1960s.3 But, whereas "Same Love" is explicitly tagged to the issue of marriage equality via the artist's support for Referendum 74, the bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in Washington state, A Single Mans sentimentalizing qualities are both broader and more specific in their application.
Abstract
Given the central role of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the global climate crisis, discussion and analysis of Chinese actions and pledges on decarbonization abound. However, less ...examined are the popular ‘demand’ side of climate change politics inside of China. Our article explores a new set of data to gauge public discourse in China related to climate change by looking at trending topics on the prominent social media platform, Sina Weibo. In over 348,000 trending topics on Weibo from June 2017 to February 2021, we find only 336 unique topics, that is 0.12%, related to climate change. Even in the rare occasions when climate-related topics start trending, we find a general lack of substantive engagement in Weibo posts.
Background
High-Intensity Multimodal Training (HIMT) refers to all styles of high-intensity combined aerobic, resistance and/or bodyweight exercise. Previous heterogeneity in exercise prescription ...and reporting in HIMT reduces the understanding of which factors should be considered when prescribing HIMT (e.g., exercise volume, intensity, duration). Previous studies have demonstrated positive effects of HIMT on health and performance outcomes. However, methodological disparities limit comparisons between findings. The objective of this systematic mapping review was to examine which prescriptive considerations and health and performance outcomes have been reported on in HIMT. This review also examined the quantity and trends of research conducted on HIMT.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid Medline, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library databases and additional sources to identify studies up until February 2023. A total of 37,090 records were retrieved, of which 220 were included for review. 246 individual HIMT protocols were included for categorical analysis against the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and Applied Research Model for the Sport Sciences (ARMSS).
Results
A total of 85 unique terms were used to describe HIMT. Included studies most commonly prescribed HIMT using a consistent exercise selection and circuit format. Exercise intensity was inconsistently reported on and a large proportion of studies prescribed ‘high-intensity’ exercise at a level lower than the American College of Sports Medicine criteria for high-intensity (i.e., < 77% heart rate maximum). Participation location, supervision and participation format were the most commonly reported non-training variables. The most frequently reported outcomes were cardiovascular health, perceptual outcomes, body composition and biochemical outcomes. A large proportion of previous HIMT research was experimental in design.
Conclusions
Previous HIMT research demonstrates a lack of standardisation in reporting. Future studies should seek to follow guidelines (i.e., CERT) to improve reporting rigour. Additionally, forthcoming research should attempt to actively involve practitioners in implementation studies to improve ecological validity among interventions. Finally, future outcome measures should be accessible in practice and reflect common training goals of participants.
Registration
This review adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Preregistration: osf.io/yknq4.
Key points
HIMT research demonstrates a lack of standardisation in reporting against guidelines (i.e., CERT). For example, exercise intensity of HIMT was inconsistently reported on and the majority of studies did not prescribe ‘high-intensity’ exercise at a level at or above current recommendations.
Future studies should seek to involve practitioners in implementation level research to reduce barriers to the application of findings in future research and practice.
Future assessment of outcome measures in HIMT research should represent common training goals (e.g., body composition, muscular strength) and be accessible in practical settings.
•Due to methodological limitations within the included literature only pragmatic conclusions could be drawn.•To improve the quality of evidence a more direct and culturally sensitive research ...approach is needed.•The use of decolonising methodologies and toolswill be critical to enhancing research.•A larger emphasis on integrating culture and community throughout program development is required.
This review aimed to identify and assess existing evidence of the impact of sport and physical activityprograms on mental health and social and emotional wellbeing outcomes within young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The review also aimed to highlight limitations of current practice within the research area. A systematic search of literature was undertaken on three peer-reviewed databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE and SPORTSDiscus) and grey literature from January to March 2021. Studies were included if they described a sport and physical activity program for young (10–24 years) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and reported mental health or social and emotional wellbeing outcomes. Seventeen studies were selected for this review. Within these studies, the most commonly reported outcomes were related to psychosocial development (N = 12) and a sense of connectedness (N = 12). Mental illness related outcomes (N = 1) were rarely reported, as were substance use (N = 2) and social and emotional literacy (N = 1). Promising outcomes included increased connection to culture, self-esteem and confidence. Nonetheless, due to indirectness and suboptimal study design the precise impact on these outcomes could not be determined. A relevant evidence base is emerging on the impact sport and physical activity programs have on the mental health and social and emotional wellbeing of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. However, further research that utilises robust, culturally appropriate methodologies and tools needs to be undertaken before the effects of sport and physical activity programs can reliably be discerned.
Summary Few studies have described simple tests which can be used to provide an early warning of overreaching. The purpose of this study was to examine selected practical tests for monitoring changes ...in performance, fatigue and recovery of endurance athletes. Sixteen male triathletes were randomly assigned into matched groups. The normal training (NT) and intensified training (IT) groups completed 4 weeks of training followed by a 2-week taper. Physiological measures were taken pre- and post-overload and post-taper periods during an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion. Performance was assessed weekly using a 3-km run time trial (3 kmTT). Five-bound jump for distance (5BT) and submaximal running heart rate (HRsubmax ) test were measured twice weekly and the Daily Analyses of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) were recorded. During the overload training period, the IT group completed ∼290% more training load than the NT group ( p < 0.001). After the overload training period, 3 kmTT in the IT group was reduced compared to both pre-training (3.7%, p < 0.05) and the NT group (6.8%, p < 0.05). 5BT was decreased by 7.9% in the IT group following the overload period ( p < 0.05). The IT group also demonstrated increases in stress reaction symptoms from the DALDA. Following the taper, the IT group improved 3 kmTT. In contrast, the performance, physiological and psychological markers of NT group remained relatively unchanged throughout the 6-week training period. There were weak significant correlations between weekly changes in 3 kmTT and 5BT ( r = −0.37, p < 0.01). The DALDA and 5BT may be practical tests for assessing changes in performance, fatigue and recovery of endurance athletes.
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