Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different defatted rice bran (DFRB) sources and processing technologies on nutrient digestibility in different intestinal segments ...of pigs. Nine barrows with T-cannula in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to nine different sources in which oil was pressed extracted for seven sources and was solvent extracted for two sources. The experiment contained 6 periods of 12 d, including 8 d for diet adaptation, 2 d for fecal collection, and 2 d for digesta collection. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), ash, total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose in different sources of DFRB was quite variable. There were no differences in the AID of dietary gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) between different sources of DFRB. There were no differences in the AID of dietary EE, TDF, IDF, and hemicellulose between different processing technologies. Pressed DFRBs have greater (P < 0.05) average AID of dietary GE, DM, ash, OM, CP, SDF, and NDF and lower (P < 0.01) ADF compared with solvent-extracted DFRBs. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of most of the dietary nutrients, except for the ATTD of dietary EE, SDF, and hemicellulose, significantly varied in different sources of DFRB (P < 0.05). In addition, pressed DFRB had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of dietary SDF, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose compared with solvent-extracted DFRB. The apparent hindgut digestibility (AHD) of dietary DM, SDF, NDF, and ADF significantly varied (P <0.05) in different sources of DFRB. Exception with DM, there are no differences in the AHD of nutrients digestibility between pressed DFRB and solvent-extracted DFRB. In conclusion, DFRB in different sources and processing technologies with different physicochemical properties had different effects on nutrient digestibility in the foregut and hindgut of pigs.
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•The newly developed Enestroburin and SYP1620 showed strong inhibitory activities on hypha growth and spore germination.•Enestroburin and SYP1620 penetrated and spread in wheat leaves ...at levels lower than that of azoxystrobin.•Enestroburin, SYP1620 and azoxystrobin were all rapidly taken up by wheat roots and transported upwards.•Enestroburin and SYP1620 are systemic fungicides that inhibit a broad spectrum of fungi and oomycetes.
Enestroburin and SYP1620 are newly developed strobilurin chemicals carrying fungicidal activity and need to be fully characterized in activities of anti-oomycete or anti-fungi, disease prevention and systemic translocation in planta. Their inhibitory activities were examined by amending the chemical in agar media, on which selected plant pathogens were grown and mycelial growth were measured. Effective concentrations for 50% inhibition (EC50) of mycelial growth were calculated to determine the level of fungicide sensitivity of the pathogen. Azoxystrobin was used as control. To examine the prevention and systemic translocation in plants, the fungicides were either sprayed on wheat leaves or dipped on wheat roots, which then were detected using high performance liquid chromatography. All the three fungicides inhibited mycelial growth of Sphacelotheca reiliana, Phytophthora infestans, Peronophythora litchi, and Magnaporthe oryzae, with EC50 values ranging from 0.02 to 2.84μg/ml; EC50 of SYP1620 was significantly lower than that of azoxystrobin and enestroburin on Valsa mali, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Alternaria solani, and Colletotrichun orbiculare. The three QoI fungicides showed strong inhibitory activities on spore germination against the 13 pathogens tested and were highly effective on biotrophic pathogens tested. Enestroburin and SYP1620 penetrated and spread in wheat leaves, but the penetration and translocation levels were lower compared to azoxystrobin. The three fungicides were all rapidly taken up by wheat roots and transported upwards, with greater fungicide concentrations in roots than in stems and leaves. The results indicate that enestroburin and SYP1620 are systemic fungicides that inhibit a broad spectrum of fungi and oomycetes.
Heart diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF), have high mortality rates. Both MI and CHF are characterized by cardiac muscle damage caused by massive ...cardiomyocyte death and reduced cardiac function. Cellular therapy aimed at using cells to improve cardiac function and/or regenerate new myocardium, has been extensively investigated for cardiac repair. Two strategies have been currently taken for cellular transplantation, including in situ cellular cardiomyoplasty and cardiac tissue engineering. The in situ cellular cardiomyoplasty strategy delivers cells directly into the infarcted myocardium. A variety of cell types has been shown to be beneficial in cardiac repair. However, this strategy is limited in terms of cell retention, survival of the engrafted cells, cell differentiation, and integration of transplanted cells with host tissue. Cardiac tissue engineering is an alternate strategy to in situ cellular cardiomyoplasty, which is designed to repair infarcted myocardium using cells, biomaterials and regulative factors (for example growth factors). There are currently various approaches for cardiac tissue engineering, such as, in situ delivering cells with injectable biomaterials into the infarcted myocardium, in vitro engineering of contractile tissue constructs followed by in vivo implantation, in vitro engineering of stem cell loaded tissue constructs for in vivo myocardium regeneration, and cell sheet tissue engineering. This review provides a comprehensive progress of in situ cellular cardiomyoplasty and cardiac tissue engineering for cardiac repair.
PURPOSE: The Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 survival dynamics in original and pH-modified agricultural soils were investigated to determinate how E. coli O157:H7 survival responded to the pH ...values of different soils, identify the relationships between E. coli O157:H7 survival time (t d ) and soil properties, and assess the potential pathogen contamination after soil pH changed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The six soil samples were collected from different provinces of China, and 18 pH-modified soil samples were obtained from original soils by treating the original soils with direct electric current. The E. coli O157:H7 cells were inoculated into 24 soils and incubated at soil moisture of −33 kPa and 25 °C. The soils were sampled for determining the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 at given time intervals over the incubation. The effects of soil pH change and other properties on the t d values were analyzed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The t d values in the test soils were between 7.1—24.7 days. Results indicate that soil pH, texture, and free Fe₂O₃ (Fed) were the most important factors impacting the t d values in the test soils. Further, the response of E. coli O157:H7 survival to pH change varied with different soils. In the acidic soils (shorter t d values), the t d values decreased as the pH decreased and Fed increased, while in the neutral or alkaline soils (pH ≥ 6.45, longer t d values), the t d values did not change significantly with pH. CONCLUSIONS: The changes of amorphous and free sesquioxides induced by pH change might strengthen the response of E. coli O157:H7 survival to soil pH. Closer attention should be paid to E. coli O157:H7 long survival in soils and its potential environmental contamination risk.
This study aimed to investigate the correlation of serum octapeptide cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), substance P (SP), and 5-hydroxytryptryptamine (5-HT) values with depression levels in patients with ...post-stroke depression (PSD). It also aimed to explore the potential approach for the early diagnosis of PSD.
A correlation research between patients' biochemical indicators and depression levels was performed among 70 stroke patients during hospitalization from June 2021 to February 2022. The 70 stroke patients were selected and divided into post-stroke depression and non-depression groups according to the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score. The concentrations of CCK-8, SP, and 5-HT in both groups were measured, and the relationship between the values of CCK-8, SP, 5-HT and the depression levels was analyzed.
Among the 70 stroke survivors, 35 were in the depression group and 35 were in the non-depression group. Significant differences were observed in the concentration of CCK-8, SP, and 5-HT between the patients in the depression and non-depression group (p < 0.05). Accompanied by an increase in the depression level, the SP value gradually increased, but the CCK-8 and 5-HT values gradually decreased. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that the order of the correlation between CCK-8, 5-HT, SP, and the depression levels was CCK-8 > SP > 5-HT.
All the CCK-8, SP and 5-HT values were correlated with the depression levels in stroke survivors. Furthermore, the correlation between CCK-8, SP, and post-stroke depression levels was higher than that of 5-HT, suggesting that the early diagnosis of PSD may be reflected more precisely through the detection of CCK-8, and SP values, thus providing potential priority for biochemical detection in the diagnosis of PSD.
This paper presents results from the EC Study Project 99/016 “Data collection for stock assessment of two hakes (Merluccius hubbsi and M. australis) in international and Falkland waters of the SW ...Atlantic”. Historical fishery and biological data series available from IEO (1988 onwards) were used to describe and quantify patterns and spatio-temporal changes in catches and discards in the hake fishery. Data were collected by scientific observers on board Spanish fishing vessels operating in the study area. Data collected on fishing activity included effort, catches and discards of target and non-target species on a haul-by-haul basis. Biological information (size, sex, maturity, etc) on target species was recorded on a daily basis, while biological data on non-target species was recorded periodically. The “discards ratio” was calculated by each haul, defined as the total weight of fish discarded divided by the total catch weight. The most important by-catch species are hoki or whiptailed hake (Macruronus magellanicus), red cod (Salilota australis), southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis), Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) and kingclip (Genypterus blacodes). Discards included both target and non-target species. The most commonly discarded species were Patagonotothen spp. (almost 100% of the catch is discarded), whiptailed hake (Macruronus magellanicus) (25% discarded), southern blue whiting (12%) and red cod (6%). These percentages vary with area, year and fishing season. The four target species (Merluccius hubbsi, Merluccius australis, Illex argentinus and Loligo gahi) have discard ratios below 5%. In recent years discard ratios for all species except Patagonotothen spp. have fallen below 15%.
The Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) is one of the most important fishery resources in the Southwest Atlantic. This species is widely distributed in the Patagonian shelf area and it is a major ...target species by international fleets in this South West Atlantic area. This paper presents results on the spatio-temporal distribution pattern of hake M. hubbsi abundance and environmental influence in the Patagonian shelf area. Spanish commercial fisheries data from 1989 to 1999 were used in the analysis. Data were collected by observers deployed by the IEO, Vigo (Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Vigo). The data include 15343 fishing haul records. CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort, kg⋅hr-1) was used as an abundance index. The analyses of the general spatio-temporal pattern of fish abundance, and the influence of environmental factors, such as SST, SBT, depth, moon phase and cloud cover, on fish abundance and distribution, were based on correlation, variograms, and timeseries maps created using GIS. Hake-targeted fishing by Spanish fleets was mainly focused on the shelf-edge area between 44.5°S – 47.0°S outside the Argentinean EEZ and in the area northwest of the Falkland Islands. The centre of high abundance is located in the shelf-edge area between 44.5°S – 47.0°S, particularly in the west part (i.e. in shallower waters) and in winter. The correlations between fish abundance and cloud cover are overwhelming negative, indicating that higher catches usually occur in cloudy weather conditions. In the major hake-targeted fishing area between 44.5°S – 47.0°S, the negative relationship between fish abundance and sea surface temperature in most months may suggest that high fish abundance is related to the strong northward cold Falklands current, and abundance is positively related to sea depth in summer.
The hake fishery (Merluccius hubbsi and Merluccius australis) is one of the most important ones for Spanish vessels operating in the Southwest Atlantic. Both species are widely distributed along the ...Patagonian shelf, although M. australis occupies mainly more southern waters. This paper presents a historical review of fishery data on the Spanish fishing fleet operating in the SW Atlantic collected and collated during the EC Study Project 99/016 “Data collection for stock assessment of two hakes (Merluccius hubbsi and M. australis) in International and Falkland waters of the SW Atlantic”, in order to analyse the evolution of catch and effort in the hake fishery since 1983 to 2000. Data on landings and effort by Spanish vessels from 1983 onwards were utilised to study trends and shifts within the fishery. These data were provided by Asociación Nacional de Armadores de Buques Congeladores de Pesca de Merluza (ANAMER), the most important Spanish ship-owners fishing association operating in distant fishing grounds. Catch and effort data collected by observer’s programmes carried out by Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) and the Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Department (FIGFD), as well as by observers provided by the project were used to estimate CPUE by area and season.The data included landings in kgs by commercial size category of hake (both species together) and effort made by vessels appertaining to ANAMER in number of fishing days and number of vessels by vessel size category. Conversion factors obtained by scientific observers onboard of these vessels were used to obtain the whole catch from landings. Total effort of the Spanish fleet was estimated from ANAMER logbooks, assuming a similar pattern for the whole fleet and taking into account the different ratio of ANAMER fleet compared to the total Spanish fleet. An increase of the catches and effort was observed from 1983 to a maximum in 1990 coinciding with the closure of Namibian fisheries. After that, catches and effort decreased corresponding to the development of the Greenland halibut fishery in the NW Atlantic, until its stabilisation from 1993. CPUE showed different patterns of fishing activity by area and season.
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region has been shown to be associated with numerous diseases. However, it remains a challenge to pinpoint the causal variants for these associations ...because of the extreme complexity of the region. We thus sequenced the entire 5-Mb MHC region in 20,635 individuals of Han Chinese ancestry (10,689 controls and 9,946 patients with psoriasis) and constructed a Han-MHC database that includes both variants and HLA gene typing results of high accuracy. We further identified multiple independent new susceptibility loci in HLA-C, HLA-B, HLA-DPB1 and BTNL2 and an intergenic variant, rs118179173, associated with psoriasis and confirmed the well-established risk allele HLA-C*06:02. We anticipate that our Han-MHC reference panel built by deep sequencing of a large number of samples will serve as a useful tool for investigating the role of the MHC region in a variety of diseases and thus advance understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders.
Distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells through surface receptors is vital for cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy. Metabolic glycoengineering of unnatural sugars provides a powerful tool to ...manually introduce chemical receptors onto the cell surface; however, cancer-selective labeling still remains a great challenge. Herein we report the design of sugars that can selectively label cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we inhibit the cell-labeling activity of tetraacetyl-N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac
ManAz) by converting its anomeric acetyl group to a caged ether bond that can be selectively cleaved by cancer-overexpressed enzymes and thus enables the overexpression of azido groups on the surface of cancer cells. Histone deacetylase and cathepsin L-responsive acetylated azidomannosamine, one such enzymatically activatable Ac
ManAz analog developed, mediated cancer-selective labeling in vivo, which enhanced tumor accumulation of a dibenzocyclooctyne-doxorubicin conjugate via click chemistry and enabled targeted therapy against LS174T colon cancer, MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer and 4T1 metastatic breast cancer in mice.
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