In large-momentum effective theory (LaMET), calculating parton physics starts from calculating coordinate-space-z correlation functions h˜(z,a,Pz) in a hadron of momentum Pz in lattice QCD. Such ...correlation functions involve both linear and logarithmic divergences in lattice spacing a, and thus need to be properly renormalized. We introduce a hybrid renormalization procedure to match these lattice correlations to those in the continuum MS‾ scheme, without introducing extra non-perturbative effects at large z. We analyze the effect of O(ΛQCD) ambiguity in the Wilson line self-energy subtraction involved in this hybrid scheme. To obtain the momentum-space distributions, we recommend to extrapolate the lattice data to the asymptotic z-region using the generic properties of the coordinate space correlations at moderate and large Pz, respectively.
A DNA barcode is a short piece of DNA sequence used for species determination and discovery. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS/ITS2) region has been proposed as the standard DNA barcode for fungi ...and seed plants and has been widely used in DNA barcoding analyses for other biological groups, for example algae, protists and animals. The ITS region consists of both ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Here, a large‐scale meta‐analysis was carried out to compare ITS1 and ITS2 from three aspects: PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and species discrimination, in terms of the presence of DNA barcoding gaps, species discrimination efficiency, sequence length distribution, GC content distribution and primer universality. In total, 85 345 sequence pairs in 10 major groups of eukaryotes, including ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, liverworts, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, monocotyledons, eudicotyledons, insects and fishes, covering 611 families, 3694 genera, and 19 060 species, were analysed. Using similarity‐based methods, we calculated species discrimination efficiencies for ITS1 and ITS2 in all major groups, families and genera. Using Fisher's exact test, we found that ITS1 has significantly higher efficiencies than ITS2 in 17 of the 47 families and 20 of the 49 genera, which are sample‐rich. By in silico PCR amplification evaluation, primer universality of the extensively applied ITS1 primers was found superior to that of ITS2 primers. Additionally, shorter length of amplification product and lower GC content was discovered to be two other advantages of ITS1 for sequencing. In summary, ITS1 represents a better DNA barcode than ITS2 for eukaryotic species.
Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor known to be involved in maintaining cell redox balance and signal transduction and plays central role in reducing intracellular ...oxidative stress damage, delaying cell senescence and preventing age-related diseases. However, it has been shown that the level of Nrf2 decreases with age and that the silencing of the
Nrf2
gene is associated with the induction of premature senescence. Therefore, a plethora of researchers have focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the prevention of cell senescence. This complex regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the cell senescence process involves coordinated regulation of multiple signaling molecules. After summarizing the function of Nrf2 and its relationship with cell senescence pathway, this review focuses on the recent advances and progress made in elucidating the regulatory mechanism of Nrf2 in the cell senescence process. Additionally, the information collected here may provide insights for further research on Nrf2, in particular, on its regulatory mechanism in the cell senescence process.
Light‐assisted Li–CO2 battery, emerging as a powerful battery‐technology to utilize light‐energy, has attracted much attention yet it is still limited by the lack of efficient photocathode catalysts ...toward simultaneously promoted CO2 activation/evolution processes. Here, a kind of phthalocyanine‐based metal–organic framework nanosheet (CoPc–Mn–O) is prepared and applied as efficient photocathode catalyst in light‐assisted Li–CO2 battery. Thus‐produced CoPc–Mn–O shows nanosheet‐morphology (≈1 nm), dual active metal‐sites (i.e., Co–N4 and Mn–O4), high conductivity, and photosensitivity. The resulting battery delivers a high round‐trip efficiency of 98.5% with an ultralow voltage hysteresis of 0.05 V and superior cycling‐stability (81.3%) for 60 h at 0.02 mA cm−2, which is represented to be one of the best photo‐cathodes to date. Density functional theory calculations and characterizations prove that the presence of photosensitive CoPc–Mn–O with dual active metal‐sites endows an activation energy (3.2 eV) for CO2 activation under light condition and simultaneously promote the CO2 evolution to enhance the battery efficiency.
A kind of phthalocyanine‐based metal–organic framework nanosheet (i.e., CoPc–Mn–O) is synthesized and presents nanosheet morphology, high conductivity, dual active metal‐sites (i.e., Co–N4 and Mn–O4 sites) and excellent photosensitivity, which serves as efficient photocathode catalyst for photo‐assisted Li–CO2 battery
Dysfunctional transcription factors that activate abnormal expressions of specific proteins are often associated with the progression of various diseases. Despite being attractive drug targets, the ...lack of druggable sites has dramatically hindered their drug development. The emergence of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has revitalized the drug development of many conventional hard‐to‐drug protein targets. Here, the use of a palindromic double‐strand DNA thalidomide conjugate (PASTE) to selectively bind and induce proteolysis of targeted activated transcription factor (PROTAF) is reported. The selective proteolysis of the dimerized phosphorylated receptor‐regulated Smad2/3 and inhibition of the canonical Smad pathway validates PASTE‐mediated PROTAF. Further aptamer‐guided active delivery of PASTE and near‐infrared light‐triggered PROTAF are demonstrated. Great potential in using PASTE for the selective degradation of the activated transcription factor is seen, providing a powerful tool for studying signaling pathways and developing precision medicines.
The canonical TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway plays a central role in fibrogenesis. Abnormal activation of R‐Smad is reported to be tightly associated with the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Here, an NIR‐responsive palindromic DNA thalidomide conjugate (PASTE) has been developed for the selective proteolysis of activated phosphorylated R‐Smad, which leads to the inhibition of the canonical Smad pathway.
Summary
Nuclear genomes of two isolates of Hirsutella thompsonii, a pathogen causing epizootics among mites, have been reported; in contrast, its mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has remained ...unknown, limiting our understanding of its evolution. Herein, we annotated the first complete mitogenome of H. thompsonii, which encoded all standard fungal mitochondrial genes plus three free‐standing ORFs. Transcriptional analyses validated the expression of most conserved genes and revealed some interesting transcription patterns of mitochondrial genes. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed its placement in Ophiocordycipitaceae. Comparison of five different isolates originally collected from different locations revealed mitogenome size variations (60.3–66.4 kb) mainly due to different numbers of introns. A total of 15 intron loci were identified, with 11 existing in all 5 isolates and 4 showing presence/absence dynamics. These introns were most likely obtained through horizontal transfer from other fungal organisms. Those common introns might have been in H. thompsonii mitogenomes since the divergence of the fungus from its putative sister species H. minnesotensis, whereas those dynamic introns might have experienced 1–2 gain or loss events. We also detected evidence of degeneration for some introns. Overall, our study shed new insights into the mitochondrial evolution of the acaropathogenic fungus H. thompsonii.
Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries are attractive post‐lithium battery technologies for grid‐scale energy storage because of their inherent safety, low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, their ...practical implementation in wide‐temperature surroundings persistently confronts irregular zinc electrodeposits and parasitic side reactions on metal anode, which leads to poor rechargeability, low Coulombic efficiency and short lifespan. Here, this work reports lamellar nanoporous Cu/Al2Cu heterostructure electrode as a promising anode host material to regulate high‐efficiency and dendrite‐free zinc electrodeposition and stripping for wide‐temperatures aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. In this unique electrode, the interconnective Cu/Al2Cu heterostructure ligaments not only facilitate fast electron transfer but work as highly zincophilic sites for zinc nucleation and deposition by virtue of local galvanic couples while the interpenetrative lamellar channels serving as mass transport pathways. As a result, it exhibits exceptional zinc plating/stripping behaviors in aqueous hybrid electrolyte of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate at wide temperatures ranging from 25 to −30 °C, with ultralow voltage polarizations at various current densities and ultralong lifespan of >4000 h. The outstanding electrochemical properties enlist full cell of zinc‐ion batteries constructed with nanoporous Cu/Al2Cu and ZnxV2O5/C to maintain high capacity and excellent stability for >5000 cycles at 25 and −30 °C.
Lamellar nanoporous Cu/Al2Cu heterostructure electrodes with high electron/ion transportability and abundant zincophilic sites are constructed as high‐performance anode host materials for wide‐temperature aqueous zinc ion batteries. Benefiting from the unique metal/intermetallic compound heterostructure to form local galvanic couples to facilitate Zn nucleation and deposition, nanoporous Cu/Al2Cu electrode exhibits ultralong‐lifespan stability at 25 and −30 °C.
Transcriptome and proteome analyses on fruit pulp from the blood orange 'Zaohong' and the navel orange 'twenty-first century' were performed to study Citrus sinensis quality-related molecular changes ...during consecutive developmental periods, including young fruit, fruit-coloring onset and fruit delayed-harvest for two months, during which fruit remained on the trees.
The time-course analysis for the fruit developmental periods indicated a complex, dynamic gene expression pattern, with the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two cultivars being 119, 426 and 904 at the three continuous stages tested during fruit development and ripening. The continuous increase in total soluble solids over the course of fruit development was correlated with up-regulated sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) transcription levels in both cultivars. Eleven differentially expressed genes between the two cultivars involved in the flavonoid pathway were significantly enriched at the onset of the fruit-coloring stage when anthocyanins were detected in blood orange alone. Among 5185 proteins, 65 up-regulated and 29 down-regulated proteins were co-expressed with their cognate mRNAs with significant transcription and protein expression levels when the fruits from the two cultivars were compared at the fruit delayed-harvest stage. Additionally, important genes participating in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt were activated in blood orange at two significant expression levels in the fruit delayed-harvest stage. Thus, organic acids in fruit continuously decreased during this stage.
This research was the first to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the differentially expressed genes involved in anthocyanin, sucrose and citrate metabolism at the transcriptome and proteome levels in C. sinensis, especially during the fruit delayed-harvest stage.
PDF
