Operations for linguistic neutrosophic numbers (LNNs) have been receiving considerable attention. Existing LNNs operations are generally based upon Archimedean triangular norm and triangular conorm. ...However, the existing operations fail to consider the correlation among variables. Archimedean copulas and co-copulas can not only reveal the correlation among variables but also prevent information loss when they are used as aggregation functions in the aggregation process. Here, LNN operations are redefined based on Archimedean copulas and co-copulas. Meanwhile, some specific cases are discussed. Then, a linguistic neutrosophic improved generalized weighted Choquet Heronian mean operator is developed. According to the proposed operator, a multi-criteria decision-making method is proposed to tackle the selection problem of low-carbon suppliers. The influences of different generated functions and parameters are discussed, and the feasibility of the proposed method are validated through comparative analyses.
Geochemical compositions of rocks from monogenetic volcanoes in intraplate settings are commonly used to constrain their mantle source and melting processes; however, the subsequent magmatic ...evolution of such small-volume volcanic systems is commonly ignored. Here we present petrographic observations, mineral chemistry, whole-rock major and trace element data, and thermodynamic modeling for Quaternary ultrapotassic rocks from the Ma'anshan monogenetic volcano of Xiaogulihe in Northeast China. We use these data to evaluate the crystallization conditions and recharge and mixing processes that the magmas have experienced within the crust. The Ma'anshan volcanic products are predominantly phonotephrite and tephriphonolite. These rocks have small variations in geochemical composition with moderate SiO2 (47.29–49.4 wt%), high total alkali contents (K2O + Na2O = 9.85–11.87 wt%), and high K2O/Na2O ratios (3.18–4.21). Two types of assemblages were identified in these ultrapotassic rocks: Type-1 antecrysts (olivine and leucite) and hybrid crystals (clinopyroxene, formed by incongruent replacement of antecrysts) and type-2 autocrysts (olivine and leucite). For the type-2, normally zoned olivines, Ni decreases and Mn increases more rapidly with decreasing %Fo than for oceanic basalts, which can be explained by abundant olivine and leucite fractionation in strongly alkaline melts at shallow crustal levels (<200 MPa). The type-1 olivines are reversely zoned and their cores have lower Fo, CaO, and Ni, and higher Mn, than their rims. The type-1 leucites are sieve-textured, partially resorbed, and rimmed by type-1 olivines. The type-1 clinopyroxenes have diopsidic compositions, forming monomineralic crystal clusters. Although the type-1 antecrystic and hybrid crystals are rare, their presence provides robust evidence for magma recharge and mixing beneath the Ma'anshan monogenetic volcano. This study shows that magmas erupted in monogenetic volcanic fields may experience complex processes within the crust despite their small volumes and relatively uniform compositions, which is important to consider in the interpretation of the construction, evolution, and longevity of their magma plumbing systems.
•First petrological evidence for complex magma processes beneath Ma'anshan volcano.•Magma mixing and recharge in a monogenetic volcanic system.•Compositions and texture of antecrysts record magma recharge and mixing.
With the increasing awareness about environmental protection, low-carbon tourism (LCT) is viewed as a new form of sustainable development that can provide greater economic, social and environmental ...benefits. Evaluating tourism attractions is of great significance for operators of tourism attractions to improve the service quality. Meanwhile, tourists can select the most appropriate LCT scenic spots among the alternatives. To address this decision-making problem, this study develops an integrated multi-criteria group decision-making method within the context of multi-granular linguistic distribution assessments. First, the best-worst method is employed to identify the weights of the criteria. Second, an extended relative entropy-based method that combines a proximity entropy weight and a similarity entropy weight is developed to assign weights to decision-makers in terms of each criterion. Third, an improved multi-granular linguistic distribution ORESTE (Organísation, rangement et Synthèse de données relarionnelles, in French) is proposed to prioritize LCT attractions. Finally, an illustrative example of LCT attraction evaluation followed by comparative and sensitivity analyses is presented to verify the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Ischemic stroke has a high lethality rate worldwide, and novel treatments are limited. Calcium overload is considered to be one of the mechanisms of cerebral ischemia. Transient receptor potential ...melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive calcium channel. Cerebral ischemia-induced TRPM2 activation triggers abnormal intracellular Ca
2+
accumulation and cell death, which in turn causes irreversible brain damage. Thus, TRPM2 has emerged as a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. This review provides data on the expression, structure, and function of TRPM2 and illustrates its cellular and molecular mechanisms in ischemic stroke. Natural and synthetic TRPM2 inhibitors (both specific and nonspecific) are also summarized. The three-dimensional protein structure of TRPM2 has been identified, and we speculate that molecular simulation techniques will be essential for developing new drugs that block TRPM2 channels. These insights about TRPM2 may be the key to find potent therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
The microscopic structures of ThF4–LiF and ThF4–LiF–BeF2 molten salts have been systematically investigated by in situ high‐temperature X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (XAFS) spectroscopy combined ...with molecular‐dynamics (MD) simulations. The results reveal that the local structure of thorium ions was much more disordered in the molten state of the ThF4–LiF–BeF2 salt than that in ThF4–LiF, implying that the Th and F ions were exchanged more frequently in the presence of Be ions. The structures of medium‐range‐ordered coordination shells (such as Th–F2nd and Th–Th) have been emphasized by experimental and theoretical XAFS analysis, and they play a significant role in transport properties. Using MD simulations, the bonding properties in the molten ThF4–LiF and ThF4–LiF–BeF2 mixtures were evaluated, confirming the above conclusion. This research is, to the best of our knowledge, the first systematic study on the ThF4–LiF–BeF2 molten salt via quantitative in situ XAFS analysis and MD simulations.
X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (XAFS) spectra of ThF4–LiF–BeF2 at room temperature, 600°C, 700°C and 800°C were obtained for the first time. The structural differences between ThF4–LiF and ThF4–LiF–BeF2 mixtures in the molten and solid phases were compared to understand the behaviors of thorium ions and the transport properties in the fluoride media through experimental and theoretical XAFS analysis combined with molecular‐dynamics simulations.
The roles in photosystem I (PSI) assembly of the nucleus-encoded thylakoid protein Y3IP1 who interacts with the plastid-encoded Ycf3 protein that has been well-characterized in plants. However, its ...function and potential mechanisms in other aspects remain poorly understood.
We identified the apple MdY3IP1 gene, which encodes a protein highly homologous to the Arabidopsis Y3IP1 (AtY3IP1). Ectopic expression of MdY3IP1 triggered early-flowering and enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis plants. MdY3IP1 controlled floral transition by accelerating sugar metabolism process in plant cells, thereby influencing the expression of flowering-associated genes. The increase in salt stress tolerance in MdY3IP1-expressing plants correlated with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and an increase in lateral root development by regulating both auxin biosynthesis and transport, as followed by enhancement of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Overall, these findings provide new evidences for additional functions of Y3IP1-like proteins and their underlying mechanisms of which Y3IP1 confers early-flowering and salt tolerance phenotypes in plants.
These observations suggest that plant growth and stress resistance can be affected by the regulation of the MdY3IP1 gene. Further molecular and genetic approaches will accelerate our knowledge of MdY3IP1 functions in PSI complex formation and plants stress resistance, and inform strategies for creating transgenic crop varieties with early maturity and high-resistant to adverse environmental conditions.
The corrosion of steel stirrups is recognized as a significant contributing factor to shear deterioration in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, leading to detrimental effects on structural ...performance and potential early failures during service. To investigate the effect of corrosion levels on the shear behavior of RC beams, a series of three-point bending tests were conducted in this study. Furthermore, finite element analyses were employed to duplicate the shear behavior and failure modes observed in the experiments. The numerical outcomes are aligned with experimental results, confirming the validity of the developed constitutive models. The findings reveal that a low corrosion level (5%) in steel stirrups exhibits a limited impact on the overall structural shear capacity (-4%-0.9%). However, a higher corrosion level (12%) in stirrups induces a more pronounced reduction in structural shear capacity. This reduction is particularly prominent in scenarios involving a high shear span-to-depth (av/d) ratio. The developed finite element model, incorporating comprehensive constitutive models for individual components, offers engineers a prospective approach for forecasting the long-term shear performance of corroded RC beams.
Background
Soil seed banks may offer great potential for maintaining and restoring desert ecosystems that have been degraded by climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. However, few studies have ...explored the year-to-year dynamics in the species composition (richness and abundance) of these desert soil seed banks. Thus, we conducted a 4-year study to assess the effects of environmental factors (meteorology and microtopography) and aboveground vegetation on the soil seed bank of the Tengger Desert, China.
Results
We found the seed bank was dominated by annual herb species both in species richness and abundance. More rainfall in the growing season increased the number of seeds in the soil seed bank, and quadrat micro-elevation had a negative effect on soil seed bank size. The species composition in the seed bank had significantly larger between-year similarity than that in the aboveground vegetation due to the dominance of annual herb species. For different life forms, the species composition of annual herbs showed distinctly larger temporal similarity between the aboveground vegetation and the seed bank compared with perennial herbs and shrubs.
Conclusions
Our findings highlight that the combined effects of environmental factors and plant life forms determine the species composition (especially the abundance) of soil seed banks in deserts. However, if degraded desert ecosystems are left to regenerate naturally, the lack of shrub and perennial herb seeds could crucially limit their restoration. Human intervention and management may have to be applied to enhance the seed abundance of perennial lifeforms in degraded deserts.
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes as high selective separators are appealing for molecular sieving, which still remains a great challenge for the mixed dyes with same charge. In this study, cellulose ...acetate (CA) membranes were firstly aminated by ethylene imine polymer (PEI), and then the thin film of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were constructed onto aminated CA membrane through forward-diffusion, slow crystallization and
in situ
growth of FeCo-Prussian blue (FeCo-PB) crystallization layers. The designed PB@CA composite NF membrane shows an ideal rejection for Congo red (CR)/methyl orange (MO) mixture solution, with 99.7%±0.2% for CR and 33.5%±2% for MO. In addition, the composite NF membrane demonstrated good efficiency for photocatalytic degradation of organic fouling (permeability recovery ratio was up to 92%) due to the active FeCo-PB micro-cubes. Thus, this work provides a practical strategy to prepare MOFs mediated thin film composite nanofiltration membrane for precise molecular sieving and catalytic antifouling performances.
Soft sets have been regarded as a useful mathematical tool to deal with uncertainty. In recent years, many scholars have shown an intense interest in soft sets and extended standard soft sets to ...intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, interval-valued fuzzy soft sets, and generalized fuzzy soft sets. In this paper, hesitant fuzzy soft sets are defined by combining fuzzy soft sets with hesitant fuzzy sets. And some operations on hesitant fuzzy soft sets based on Archimedean t-norm and Archimedean t-conorm are defined. Besides, four aggregation operations, such as the HFSWA, HFSWG, GHFSWA, and GHFSWG operators, are given. Based on these operators, a multicriteria group decision making approach with hesitant fuzzy soft sets is also proposed. To demonstrate its accuracy and applicability, this approach is finally employed to calculate a numerical example.
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