The roles in photosystem I (PSI) assembly of the nucleus-encoded thylakoid protein Y3IP1 who interacts with the plastid-encoded Ycf3 protein that has been well-characterized in plants. However, its ...function and potential mechanisms in other aspects remain poorly understood.
We identified the apple MdY3IP1 gene, which encodes a protein highly homologous to the Arabidopsis Y3IP1 (AtY3IP1). Ectopic expression of MdY3IP1 triggered early-flowering and enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis plants. MdY3IP1 controlled floral transition by accelerating sugar metabolism process in plant cells, thereby influencing the expression of flowering-associated genes. The increase in salt stress tolerance in MdY3IP1-expressing plants correlated with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and an increase in lateral root development by regulating both auxin biosynthesis and transport, as followed by enhancement of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Overall, these findings provide new evidences for additional functions of Y3IP1-like proteins and their underlying mechanisms of which Y3IP1 confers early-flowering and salt tolerance phenotypes in plants.
These observations suggest that plant growth and stress resistance can be affected by the regulation of the MdY3IP1 gene. Further molecular and genetic approaches will accelerate our knowledge of MdY3IP1 functions in PSI complex formation and plants stress resistance, and inform strategies for creating transgenic crop varieties with early maturity and high-resistant to adverse environmental conditions.
OSW-1, isolated from the bulbs of Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker, is a steroidal saponin endowed with considerable antitumor properties. Biosynthesis of the 4-methoxybenzoyl group on the disaccharide ...moiety of OSW-1 is known to take place biochemically via the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, but molecular biological characterization of the related genes has been insufficient. Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H, EC 1.14.13.11), catalyzing the hydroxylation of trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid, plays a key role in the ability of phenylpropanoid metabolism to channel carbon to produce the 4-methoxybenzoyl group on the disaccharide moiety of OSW-1. Molecular isolation and functional characterization of the C4H genes, therefore, is an important step for pathway characterization of 4-methoxybenzoyl group biosynthesis. In this study, a gene coding for C4H, designated as OsaC4H, was isolated according to the transcriptome sequencing results of Ornithogalum saundersiae. The full-length OsaC4H cDNA is 1,608-bp long, with a 1,518-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 505 amino acids, a 55-bp 5' non-coding region and a 35-bp 3'-untranslated region. OsaC4H was functionally characterized by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and shown to catalyze the oxidation of trans-cinnamic acid to p-coumaric acid, which was identified by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), HPLC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The identification of the OsaC4H gene was expected to open the way to clarification of the biosynthetic pathway of OSW-1.
There have always been problems associated with managing vague or imprecise information, and therefore, various tools have recently been investigated to handle this uncertainty. In this study, ...hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy sets are introduced to resolve situations where decision-makers hesitate in selecting between several intuitionistic fuzzy values when assessing alternatives. Furthermore, new operations, based on the Archimedean t-norms and t-conorms, are developed and corresponding properties and the ranking method of HIFNs are also investigated. Additionally, the hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging operator and the hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy power weighted averaging operator based on the Archimedean t-norms and t-conorms are proposed to aggregate decision-makers’ information in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems, and an approach to MCDM problems that employ hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy information is constructed based on the proposed aggregation operators. Lastly, an example of selecting project is investigated to verify the applicability and validity of the proposed approach and the study is supported by comparative analyses.
The Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is building a compact neutron source using a superconducting linac. The injector RFQ will operate in continuous wave ...(CW) mode, accelerating a 10-mA deuteron beam from 20 keV/u to 1.5 MeV/u. To minimize the possibility of beam loss in the downstream superconducting linac and maintain high acceleration efficiency, we take the 99.9% longitudinal beam emittance as the key optimization parameter for the beam dynamics design of the RFQ, and include an internal buncher to reduce the longitudinal beam emittance. This paper describes the design procedures, beam dynamics simulations and preliminary beam commissioning results for this RFQ. Simulation results show that 99.9% longitudinal beam emittance at the RFQ exit is optimized to 3.5 pi mm mrad, which is 0.13 times the longitudinal acceptance of the downstream superconducting linac. Beam commissioning results demonstrate that the RFQ can accelerate 7.8 mA H2+ to 3.11 MeV. The transmission efficiency from a Faraday cup before the RFQ to the beam dump after the RFQ is 97.6%. The measured transmission efficiency agrees well with simulation results at different values for the inter-vane voltage.
Background:
Farmers harvest two batches fruits of Lemons (
Citrus limon
L. Burm. f.) i.e., spring flowering fruit and autumn flowering fruit in dry-hot valley in Yunnan, China. Regular lemons ...harvested in autumn have smooth skin. However, lemons harvested in spring have rough skin, which makes them less attractive to customers. Furthermore, the rough skin causes a reduction in commodity value and economical losses to farmers. This is a preliminary study that investigates the key transcriptomic and metabolomic differences in peels of lemon fruits (variety Yuning no. 1) harvested 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after flowering from the same trees in different seasons.
Results:
We identified 5,792, 4,001, 3,148, and 5,287 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between smooth peel (C) and rough peel (D) 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after flowering, respectively. A total of 1,193 metabolites differentially accumulated (DAM) between D and C. The DEGs and DAMs were enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and plant hormone signaling, terpenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid, and phenylalanine biosynthesis, and ribosome pathways. Predominantly, in the early stages, phytohormonal regulation and signaling were the main driving force for changes in peel surface. Changes in the expression of genes associated with asymmetric cell division were also an important observation. The biosynthesis of terpenoids was possibly reduced in rough peels, while the exclusive expression of cell wall synthesis-related genes could be a possible reason for the thick peel of the rough-skinned lemons. Additionally, cell division, cell number, hypocotyl growth, accumulation of fatty acids, lignans and coumarins- related gene expression, and metabolite accumulation changes were major observations.
Conclusion:
The rough peels fruit (autumn flowering fruit) and smooth peels fruit (spring flowering fruit) matured on the same trees are possibly due to the differential regulation of asymmetric cell division, cell number regulation, and randomization of hypocotyl growth related genes and the accumulation of terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, lignans, and coumarins. The preliminary results of this study are important for increasing the understanding of peel roughness in lemon and other citrus species.
The performance of thyroidectomies has been increasing over the last decade due to the growing prevalence of thyroid diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance ...of preoperative vocal cord paralysis (VCP) associated with thyroid disease and other incidences of malignant or benign lesions, as well as different thyroid pathological features. Additionally, the epidemiological changes of thyroid diseases with preoperative VCP were investigated.
Ninety-nine out of 12,530 patients with preoperative VCP who had undergone thyroid surgery for various diseases in the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from January 2007 to December 2015 were identified. Their clinicopathological data was recorded and case distributions from different years and intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve statuses were retrospectively analyzed.
The incidence of preoperative VCP in 2007 was reported to be 1.53% (9/590) and had decreased to 0.53% (12/2,247) by 2015 (
< 0.05). Among the 99 patients with preoperative VCP, 81 had malignancies (81.82%), while 18 (18.18%) had benign thyroid diseases. The incidences of preoperative VCP in malignant and benign diseases were 1.13% (81/7,159) and 0.35% (18/5,371), respectively (
< 0.05). There were only 5 (0.04%, 5/12,530) cases of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with preoperative VCP. There was no statistical difference between the incidence of preoperative hoarseness in malignant 69.14% (56/81) and benign diseases 61.11% (11/18) with preoperative VCP.
The preoperative VCP incidence rate had gradually decreased with an increased proportion of papillary thyroid cancer. Preoperative voice symptoms do not necessarily suggest a malignancy. Selective rather than routine preoperative laryngoscopic examinations should be performed on papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. The probability of preoperative VCP in malignancy was significantly higher than in benign lesions.
In practice, the use of linguistic information is flexible and definite due to the complexity of problems, and therefore the linguistic models have been widely studied and applied to solve ...multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems under uncertainty. In this paper, intuitionistic hesitant linguistic sets (IHLSs) are defined on the basis of intuitionistic linguistic sets (ILSs) and hesitant fuzzy linguistic sets (HFLSs). As an evaluation value of one reference object, an intuitionistic hesitant linguistic number (IHLN) contains a linguistic term, a set of membership degrees and a set of non-membership degrees. There can be a consensus on the linguistic term and then decision makers can express their opinions on membership or non-membership degrees depending on their preferences. Therefore, by means of IHLSs, the flexibility in generating evaluation information under uncertainty can be achieved to a larger extent than either ILSs or HFLSs do. Besides, the basic operations and comparison method of IHLNs are studied, which is followed by the definitions of several aggregation operators, including the intuitionistic hesitant linguistic hybrid averaging (IHLHA) operator, the intuitionistic hesitant linguistic hybrid geometric (IHLHG) operator and the corresponding generalized operators. Using these operators, an approach to MCDM problems with intuitionistic hesitant linguistic information is proposed. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to verify the proposed approach and its accuracy and effectiveness have been demonstrated through the comparative analysis with ILSs and HFLSs.
Potentilleae, one of 10 tribes of the Rosaceae, are mainly distributed in alpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The taxonomy of Potentilleae has been challenging due to extensive hybridization, ...polyploidization, and/or apomixis characterizing several genera of Potentilleae, such as Alchemilla, Argentina, and Potentilla. To help clarify relationships within Potentilleae, a phylogenetic analysis of the tribe with an emphasis on the polyphyletic genus Sibbaldia was carried out using nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacer regions and the plastid trnL‐F and trnS‐G spacer regions. In agreement with previous phylogenetic analyses, three major clades were identified in the present study: the subtribe Fragariinae, the genera Argentina, and Potentilla. The 15 species of Sibbaldia were recovered in five distinct clades: three in subtribe Fragariinae, one in Argentina, and the last in Potentilla. The recently established genus Chamaecallis, comprising a single species formerly treated in Sibbaldia that has intermediate floral character states with respect to Fragariinae and Potentilla, was recovered as sister to Drymocallis. Morphological character state reconstruction indicated that a reduction in the number of stamens (≤10) is a derived character state that has arisen multiple times in Potentilleae. Molecular dating analyses agreed with previously published estimates and suggested that crown group Potentilleae arose in the Middle to Late Eocene, with most generic‐level divergences occurring in the Oligocene and Miocene.
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