Plant ZIP genes represent an important transporter family and may be involved in cadmium (Cd) accumulation and Cd resistance. In order to explore the function of SmZIP isolated from Salix matsudana, ...the roles of SmZIP in Cd tolerance, uptake, translocation, and distribution were determined in the present investigation. The transgenic SmZIP tobacco was found to respond to external Cd stress differently from WT tobacco by exhibiting a higher growth rate and more vigorous phenotype. The overexpression of SmZIP in tobacco resulted in the reduction of Cd stress-induced phytotoxic effects. Compared to WT tobacco, the Cd content of the root, stem, and leaf in the transgenic tobacco increased, and the zinc, iron, copper, and manganese contents also increased. The assimilation factor, translocation factor and bioconcentration factor of Cd were improved. The scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis results of the root maturation zone exposed to Cd for 24 h showed that Cd was transferred through the root epidermis, cortex, and vascular cylinder and migrated to the aboveground parts via the vascular cylinder, resulting in the transgenic tobacco accumulating more Cd than the WT plants. Based on the transverse section of the leaf main vein and leaf blade, Cd was transported through the vascular tissues to the leaves and accumulated more greatly in the leaf epidermis, but less in the leaf mesophyll cells, following the overexpression of SmZIP to reduce the photosynthetic toxicity. The overexpression of SmZIP resulted in the redistribution of Cd at the subcellular level, a decrease in the percentage of Cd in the cell wall, and an increase of the Cd in the soluble fraction in both the roots and leaves. It also changed the percentage composition of different Cd chemical forms by elevating the proportion of Cd extracted using 2% HAc and 0.6 mol/L HCl, but lowering that of the Cd extracted using 1 mol/L NaCl in both the leaves and roots under 10 and 100 μmol/L Cd stress for 28 d. The results implied that SmZIP played important roles in advancing Cd uptake, accumulation, and translocation, as well as in enhancing Cd resistance by altering the Cd subcellular distribution and chemical forms in the transgenic tobacco. The study will be useful for future phytoremediation applications to clean up Cd-contaminated soil.
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•Overexpression of SmZIP promoted plant growth and facilitated the absorption of divalent cations.•Overexpression of SmZIP enhances Cd uptake, accumulation and advances Cd translocation to shoots.•Expression of SmZIP affects Cd subcellular distribution and chemical forms to reduce Cd toxicity.
Aqueous rechargeable batteries are a possible strategy for large-scale energy storage systems. However, limited choices of anode materials restrict their further application. Here we report phenazine ...(PNZ) as stable anode materials in different alkali-ion (Li
+
, Na
+
, K
+
) electrolyte. A novel full cell is assembled by phenazine anode, Na
0.44
MnO
2
cathode and 10 M NaOH electrolyte to further explore the electrochemical performance of phenazine anode. This battery is able to achieve high capacity (176.7 mAh·g
−1
at 4 C (1.2·Ag
−1
)), ultralong cycling life (capacity retention of 80% after 13,000 cycles at 4 C), and excellent rate capacity (92 mAh·g
−1
at 100 C (30 A·g
−1
)). The reaction mechanism of PNZ during charge—discharge process is demonstrated by
in situ
Raman spectroscopy,
in situ
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Furthermore, the system is able to successfully operate at wide temperature range from −20 to 70 °C and achieves remarkable electrochemical performance.
To clarify the impact of non-agricultural employment on rural land circulation in China, we built logit models using the Chinese Household Income Project 2013 dataset, which includes 18,948 household ...samples over 15 provinces, 126 cities and 234 counties of China in 2013. We use the proportion of non-agricultural income, the proportion of non-agricultural laborers and non-agricultural fixed operating assets to reflect the degree of the households’ dependence on agriculture, the degree of the households’ laborers committed to non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment, respectively. The results show that the stability of non-agricultural employment is an important reason for farmers to transfer out their land, and an increase in non-agricultural income is the fundamental reason. The proportion of non-agricultural assets has the greatest impact on the decision to transfer land, followed by the proportion of non-agricultural income. Per unit increase in the non-agricultural income ratio has a stronger effect on the transfer-out decision than it does on the transfer-in decision, which is a 0.09 increase of the probability of transfer- out the land and a 0.07 decrease of the probability of transfer-in the land. In terms of regional differences, when considering the impact of non-agricultural employment on the land transfer-out decision, the impacts of non-agricultural income and labor force are the greatest in the Central region. The impact of non-agricultural assets is the greatest in the Eastern region. For the Eastern region, the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets and the non-agricultural labor force, and the decision to transfer in land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets. In the Central and Western regions, the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets, non-agricultural income and the non-agricultural labor force, in that order. The decision to transfer in land in the Central region is not significantly affected by non-agricultural employment. The decision to transfer in land in the Western region is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets, non-agricultural labor force and non-agricultural income, in that order. We note that non-agricultural assets have a prominent impact on land transfer, which shows that the stability of non-agricultural employment has an important impact on land transfer decision- making. Vocational training for rural labor forces may be an effective means to promote stable non-agricultural employment and simultaneously facilitate rural land circulation, especially in Central and Western China.
We study, using a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, the relationship between oil price shocks and the Japanese stock market. We find that oil price shocks that arise from changes in ...aggregate global demand are positively correlated to returns on the Japanese stock market. Thus, in contrast to the conventional wisdom, a rise in oil price is not always bad news for the Japanese stock market. On the other hand, the Japanese stock market reacts negatively to oil price increases related to oil-market specific demand shocks. Finally, different from prior research using U.S. stock market data, we find that supply and demand shocks in the global crude oil market affect returns to the Japanese stock market index through changes to expected real cash flows rather than to changes to expected returns.
According to his mother, there were no potential triggering factors such as diarrhea, pre-existing dermatitis, or the use of irritant cream. IADK is characterized by 1–2 mm hair follicular, spiked, ...yellowish-white or pink keratotic papules with or without an erythematous background in the perianal (and genital) area of infants, without any other regions involved. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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•The performance of multi temporal GF-6 images in crop mapping was evaluated.•The two newly added red-edge bands of GF-6 is superior for crop classification.•Mid-March to early-April ...was identified as the crucial temporal window for crop.•Late July was the earliest crop identifiable time with overall accuracy of 90%•GF-6 has great potential for crop mapping in regions with fragmented landscapes.
Accurate and timely crop mapping is crucial for environment assessment, food security and agricultural production. However, for the areas with high landscape heterogeneity and frequent cloudy and rainy weather, the insufficient high-quality satellite images limit the accuracy of crop classification. The recently launched Chinese GF-6 wide field-of-view camera (WFV) with a revisit cycle of 4-day and spatial resolution of 16-meter shows great potential for agricultural monitoring. In this study, Qianjiang City characterized by complex agricultural landscapes was selected as the research area to assess the potential of GF-6 data in identifying crop types. Firstly, the pairwise and global separability were calculated to analyze the effect of different spectral-temporal features of GF-6 images on crop classification. A total of 255 spectral-temporal features derived from 15 GF-6 tiles were then used to perform random forest classification. Furthermore, the classification results were evaluated based on 671 field samples and then compared the accuracy between GF-6 data and Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8 data. In addition, the earliest identifiable time of crop types was also determined by iteratively using all available GF-6 data during each time period. The results suggested that the overall accuracy (OA) of all available GF-6 images was 91.55%, which was significantly higher than that of Landsat-8 data (OA = 85.97%) and was slightly lower than that of Sentinel-2 data (OA = 93.10%). The newly added red-edge bands (0.69 ∼ 0.73 μm, 0.73 ∼ 0.77 μm) and their derivative vegetation indices were important spectral features, and the period from mid-March to early-April was the best temporal window for crop identification in our research area. Moreover, late July was the earliest crop identifiable time with overall accuracy of 90% for the first time of the year. These results indicated the great potential of GF-6 images for classifying crop types in the areas with complex cropping system and fragmented agricultural landscapes, particularly when integrating other satellite data with comparable spatial resolution (e.g. Chinese GF-1 data and Sentinel-2 data).
The SLC30A2 gene encodes zinc transporter ZnT2, which is indispensable for the transport of zinc into the breast milk in the mammary gland. Transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) is caused by a ...mutation in the maternal SLC30A2 gene and has a clinical presentation similar to that of acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE). We described the case of a Chinese infant who presented with AE‐like lesions 10 days after birth. Sanger sequencing of the AE‐causing gene SLC39A4 revealed no mutations in genomic DNA from the infant, excluding the possibility of AE. Detection of the mother's breast milk showed a significantly lower zinc level. Thus, SLC30A2 sequencing was performed on her genomic DNA and a previously unreported homozygous c.262G > A (p.E88K) mutation was disclosed. Functional analysis suggested the novel mutation could lead to a strong disruption of zinc secretion, which indicated a complete loss of function in the ZnT2 protein. We finally diagnosed the infant with TNZD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of TNZD caused by a homozygous mutation in the maternal SLC30A2 gene. Compared to the heterozygous condition, a homozygous mutation seems to result in a more significant decrease in zinc secretion and a more rapid onset of TNZD.
Disorders of consciousness (DoC) commonly occurs secondary to severe neurological injury. A considerable volume of research has explored the effectiveness of different non-invasive neuromodulation ...therapy (NINT) on awaking therapy, however, equivocal findings were reported.
The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the effectiveness on level of consciousness of different NINT in patients with DoC and explore optimal stimulation parameters and characteristics of patients.
PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials were searched from their inception through November 2022. Randomized controlled trials, that investigated effectiveness on level of consciousness of NINT, were included. Mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was evaluated as effect size. Risk of bias was assessed with revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.
A total of 15 randomized controlled trials with 345 patients were included. Meta-analysis was performed on 13 out of 15 reviewed trials indicating that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and median nerve stimulation (MNS) all had a small but significant effect (MD 0.71 95% CI 0.28, 1.13; MD 1.51 95% CI 0.87, 2.15; MD 3.20 95%CI: 1.45, 4.96) on level of consciousness. Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with traumatic brain injury, higher initial level of consciousness (minimally conscious state), and shorter duration of prolonged DoC (subacute phase of DoC) reserved better awaking ability after tDCS. TMS also showed encouraging awaking effect when stimulation was applied on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with prolonged DoC.
tDCS and TMS appear to be effective interventions for improving level of consciousness of patients with prolonged DoC. Subgroup analyses identified the key parameters required to enhance the effects of tDCS and TMS on level of consciousness. Etiology of DoC, initial level of consciousness, and phase of DoC could act as significant characteristics of patients related to the effectiveness of tDCS. Stimulation site could act as significant stimulation parameter related to the effectiveness of TMS. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of MNS in clinical practice to improve level of consciousness in patients with coma.
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=337780, identifier: CRD42022337780.
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