Radar‐rain gauge merging techniques have been widely used to improve the applicability of radar and rain gauge rainfall estimates by combining their advantages, while partially overcoming their ...individual weaknesses. Despite significant research in this area, guidance on the suitability of and factors affecting merging techniques at the fine spatial‐temporal resolutions required for urban hydrological applications is still insufficient. In this paper, an in‐depth review of radar‐rain gauge merging techniques is conducted, with a focus on their potential for urban hydrological applications. An overview is first given of existing merging techniques and an application‐oriented categorization is proposed: (1) radar bias adjustment methods, (2) rain gauge interpolation methods using radar spatial association as additional information, and (3) radar‐rain gauge integration methods. A detailed review is given of studies focusing on the evaluation and intercomparison of merging methods, based upon which the most widely used and best performing techniques from each category are identified. These are mean field bias adjustment, kriging with external drift, and Bayesian merging. Climatological, operational, and methodological factors affecting merging performance are then reviewed and their relevance for urban applications discussed. Based on this review, conclusions on merging potential for urban applications are drawn and research gaps are identified, which should be addressed to provide further guidance on the use of merging techniques for urban hydrological applications.
Key Points
An in‐depth review of radar‐rain gauge merging methods is presented, which compiles much of the work undertaken in this area to date
It includes a categorization of methods, summary of merging intercomparison studies to date, and factors affecting merging performance
The potential and challenges of applying merging at the fine spatial‐temporal resolutions required for urban hydrology are discussed
Preoperative evaluation of the number of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the basis of individual treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). However, the routinely used preoperative ...determination method is not accurate enough.
We enrolled 730 LAGC patients from five centers in China and one center in Italy, and divided them into one primary cohort, three external validation cohorts, and one international validation cohort. A deep learning radiomic nomogram (DLRN) was built based on the images from multiphase computed tomography (CT) for preoperatively determining the number of LNM in LAGC. We comprehensively tested the DLRN and compared it with three state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, we investigated the value of the DLRN in survival analysis.
The DLRN showed good discrimination of the number of LNM on all cohorts overall C-indexes (95% confidence interval): 0.821 (0.785–0.858) in the primary cohort, 0.797 (0.771–0.823) in the external validation cohorts, and 0.822 (0.756–0.887) in the international validation cohort. The nomogram performed significantly better than the routinely used clinical N stages, tumor size, and clinical model (P < 0.05). Besides, DLRN was significantly associated with the overall survival of LAGC patients (n = 271).
A deep learning-based radiomic nomogram had good predictive value for LNM in LAGC. In staging-oriented treatment of gastric cancer, this preoperative nomogram could provide baseline information for individual treatment of LAGC.
•Evaluation of the lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the basis of individual treatment of locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC).•Deep leaning radiomic nomogram (DLRN) based on CT images can preoperatively determine the number of LNM in LAGC.•DLRN is significantly superior to the routinely used clinical N stages, tumor size, and clinical model.•DLRN is significantly associated with the overall survival of LAGC.
Element doping is recognized as a powerful way to modify surface defect structure and further enhance the fluorescence performance of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). N-doped, S-doped and S, N co-doped ...GQDs were synthesized to explore the influence of element doping on fluorescence sensing of dopamine (DA) biomolecules. Two interesting works are found, one is that the N-doped GQDs with urea as N source are more effective than the S-doped and S,N co-doped GQDs, characterized by the higher quantum yield (QY) up to 78% and sensitive fluorescence quenching performance to DA. The other is that the N-doped GQDs with ethylenediamine as N source have the highest QY up to 95%, however, exhibits no quenching performance to DA. This abnormal observation is discussed based on the microstructure analysis. Under the optimal reaction condition, the N-doped GQDs exhibit a dual linear relationship of quenching intensity with DA concentration in the range of 10–3000 nM and 3000–7000 nM with detection limits of 3.3 and 611 nM, respectively. The quenching mechanism of N-doped GQDs toward DA is explored from the view of N chemical states, biomolecule structure of DA homologues and redox reaction of DA.
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•N-doped, S-doped and S, N co-doped quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized.•Doping effect on fluorescence sensing of GQDs to dopamine (DA) is discussed.•N-doped GQDs by urea can enhance the quantum yield and sensing performance.•A dual linearity is observed and the lowest detection limit is 3.3 nM.•The quenching mechanism of N-doped GQDs toward DA is explored.
Nonlocal QED and lepton g-2 anomalies Li, Hang; Wang, P.
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
1/7, Letnik:
84, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Quantum electrodynamics is generally extended to a nonlocal QED by introducing the correlation functions. The gauge link is introduced to guarantee that the nonlocal QED is locally
U
(1) gauge ...invariant. The corresponding Feynman rules as well as the proof of Ward–Takahashi identity are presented. As an example, the anomalous magnetic moments of leptons are studied in nonlocal QED. At one-loop level, besides the ordinary diagrams, there are many additional Feynman diagrams which are generated from the gauge link. It shows the nonlocal QED can provide a reasonable explanation for lepton
g
-
2
anomalies.
TiF3 shows a superior catalytic effect over TiCl3 in improving the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MgH2. Combined phase analysis and microstructure characterization suggest that both titanium halide ...additives react with host MgH2 in a similar way. However, systematic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal that the incorporated fluorine (F) differs significantly from its analog chlorine (Cl) in terms of bonding state. The asymmetry of F 1s spectra and the sputtering-induced peak shift suggest that, in addition to the Mg-F bond, a new Ti-F-Mg bonding is formed in the TiF3-doped MgH2. In contrast, only one stable binding state of Cl is identified in the form of MgCl2 for the TiCl3-doped MgH2. In combination with the designed experiments, these findings suggest that the generation of active F-containing species may be responsible for the advantage of TiF3 over TiCl3 in improving both the absorption and desorption kinetics of MgH2. Fundamentally, it emphasizes the functionality of F anion in tuning the activity of compound catalyst.
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