The sequential weight loss-on-ignition (WLOI) method for determination of organic and carbonate or inorganic carbon (C) content was evaluated on sediments from diverse sources with a great range of C ...contents. The sediments were collected from canal, wetland, river, estuary, lake, and marine sites. The organic and inorganic C contents of these samples ranged from 1 to 430 g kg
− 1
and from 4 to 97 g kg
− 1
, respectively. Combinations of the combustion time and temperature and optimal weight ranges of representative samples were tested, and comparisons of the WLOI method with other methods, including dry combustion and wet combustion, were made. These methods were (1) use of the carbon–nitrogen–sulfur (CNS) autoanalyzer with normal and reduced temperatures for total and organic C, (2) thermogravimetry for both organic and inorganic C, (3) use of the CNS autoanalyzer after removal of inorganic (carbonate) C by fumigating samples with concentrated HCl for organic C, (4) Walkley–Black wet combustion method for organic C, and (5) pressure-calcimeter associated with subtraction method (total C minus inorganic C) for organic C determinations. The results of analyzing samples of sediments of diverse origins showed that the optimal combination of temperature and time of WLOI depended mostly on the sources of the analyzed sediment. The WLOI analysis of sediment samples for organic C from wetlands, canal, estuary, or river sites needed a relatively low temperature but that of sediment samples from lake and marine sites required a relatively high temperature. Overall, to obtain reliable analysis results of samples from widely varied sediment sources except marine sediments, 500°C for 12 h was optimal for organic C content determination, and 800°C for yet another 12 h was optimal for inorganic C content determination. The temperature could even be reduced to 475°C if only wetland and stream sediments were included, but for marine sediments, 550°C for 12 h was necessary. Precise C content determinations for most sediment sources could be obtained by WLOI when sample quantities ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 g. The WLOI method, when conducted properly, resulted in precise measurements of C contents in “standard samples” used for calibration, and these values were closely comparable to results obtained with other dry combustion methods (
R
2
≥ 0.96). We conclude that WLOI, which has advantages of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and no waste disposal over other methods, can provide precise measurements of organic and inorganic C contents in sediments from a wide range of sources, but the selection of heating temperature and exposure time should be carefully considered based on sediment sources.
Utilizing speech as the transmission medium in Internet of things (IoTs) is an effective way to reduce latency while improving the efficiency of human-machine interaction. In the field of speech ...recognition, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) has significant advantages to achieve accuracy improvement on speech recognition. However, some of RNN-based intelligence speech recognition applications are insufficient in the privacy-preserving of speech data, and others with privacy-preserving are time-consuming, especially about model training and speech recognition. Therefore, in this paper we propose a novel
P
rivacy-preserving
S
peech
R
ecognition framework using
B
idirectional
L
ong short-term memory neural network, namely PSRBL. On the one hand, PSRBL designs new functions to construct security activation functions by combing with an additive secret sharing protocol, namely a secure piecewise-linear
Sigmoid
and a secure piecewise-linear
Tanh
respectively, to achieve privacy-preserving of speech data during speech recognition process running on edge servers. On the other hand, in order to reduce the time spent on both the training and the recognition of the speech model while keeping high accuracy during speech recognition process, PSRBL first utilizes secure activation functions to refit original activation functions in the bidirectional
L
ong
S
hort-
T
erm
M
emory neural network (LSTM), and then makes full use of the left and the right context information of speech data by employing bidirectional LSTM. Experiments conducted on the speech dataset TIMIT show that our framework PSRBL performs well. Specifically compared with the state-of-the-art ones, PSRBL significantly reduces the time consumption on both the training and the recognition of the speech model under the premise that PSRBL and the comparisons are consistent in the privacy-preserving of speech data.
The supervised learning-based recommendation models, whose infrastructures are sufficient training samples with high quality, have been widely applied in many domains. In the era of big data with the ...explosive growth of data volume, training samples should be labelled timely and accurately to guarantee the excellent recommendation performance of supervised learning-based models. Machine annotation cannot complete the tasks of labelling training samples with high quality because of limited machine intelligence. Although expert annotation can achieve a high accuracy, it requires a long time as well as more resources. As a new way of human intelligence to participate in machine computing, crowdsourcing annotation makes up for shortages of machine annotation and expert annotation. Therefore, in this paper, we utilize crowdsourcing annotation to label training samples. First, a suitable crowdsourcing mechanism is designed to create crowdsourcing annotation-based tasks for training sample labelling, and then two entropy-based ground truth inference algorithms (i.e., HILED and HILI) are proposed to achieve quality improvement of noise labels provided by the crowd. In addition, the descending and random order manners in crowdsourcing annotation-based tasks are also explored. The experimental results demonstrate that crowdsourcing annotation significantly improves the performance of machine annotation. Among the ground truth inference algorithms, both HILED and HILI improve the performance of baselines; meanwhile, HILED performs better than HILI.
Cover crops and organic mulches (OMs) have been reported as a means to reduce inputs and increase soil quality. A field experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of summer cover crops and ...organic compost on winter fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields and quality. Cover crops were sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), and sorghum sudangrass Sorghum bicolor x S. bicolor var. sudanense (Piper) Stapf., and compost was applied at 25, 50, and 75 t ha-1. Sunn hemp accumulated up to 190-319 kg ha-1 of N, which was greater than that by sorghum sudangrass (38-110 kg ha-1). The tomato total marketable yields increased 49-82 and 71-85 t ha-1, respectively, in 2 yr. The application of OM at 75 or 50 t ha-1 increased tomato yields compared with that at 25 t ha-1. Yields of extra-large tomato fruits, especially at the first harvest during the early winter, were improved by growing sunn hemp or applying the composts. However, no interaction between cover crops and OM was observed for tomato marketable yields or quality. Soil organic C increased when OMs were applied compared with the plastic mulch (PM), whereas total soil N and organic C:N ratio were unaffected by any treatment. These results suggest that either the production of cover crops, especially sunn hemp, or the application of compost at high rates can improve winter fresh market tomato yields and quality and advance organic farming.
This factsheet provides information about the history of soil testing calibrations and justification for recommending extraction of soil nutrients using Mehlich-3 for calcareous soils in Miami-Dade ...County. The dominant soils from this County have an extraordinarily high concentration of calcium resulting in high pH. This document also includes UF/IFAS approved Mehlich-3 extractant-based testing interpretations and recommendations for these soils. The purpose of this publication is to elucidate an appropriate approach for analyzing the unique calcareous soils from Miami-Dade County for plant available nutrients. The target audiences are Extension agents, agronomists at soil testing laboratories, crop advisors, growers, representatives of the state and local agencies, and others concerned about soil testing and plant analysis in Miami-Dade County.
The objectives of this publication are to (1) provide various names of some ethnic/Asian vegetable crops with EDISpublications available to readers; (2) list related chapters in this handbook, which ...provide recommendations for crops close to these ethnic vegetables grown in Florida; and (3) list EDIS publications currently available for these crops.
Chemigation is a process where an irrigation system is used for transport and delivery of agrochemicals, generally fertilizers and pesticides, to a crop (Haman and Zazueta, 2017). Drip or ...micro-sprinkler irrigation systems are often used in chemigation. If the irrigation is properly plumed and chemigation properly implemented, chemigation can help growers reduce chemical usage and costs as it is applied using existing irrigation distribution infrastructure. However, the irrigation system must first be outfitted with properly designed injection and safety equipment. In addition, it is important that the irrigation system is built to allow the injection of chemicals or fertilizers at a known rate and that ensures application uniformity. Knowing the correct concentration of chemicals during chemigation is critical as some chemicals could potentially damage plants. Chemigation of chemicals/fertilizers at higher concentrations could also lead to leaching and contamination of freshwater bodies. The purpose of this document is to provide a brief overview of the regulations and some helpful tips for growers interested in chemigation.
This chapter covers production of cole crops and Asian crucifers, including broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard (bok choy), kohlrabi, lobok/daikon, ...collards, kale, mustard, and turnip.
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