Appropriate immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring criteria can guarantee the reliability of mutation detection results. Most current studies suggest that the "four-grade criterion" may be the best among ...all scoring systems. The aim of this study is to discuss the influence of different four-grade immunohistochemistry scoring criteria on the test results.
Three different four-grade immunohistochemistry scoring criteria were respectively used to evaluate the EGFR status of 83 cases of non-small cell of lung cancer (NSCLC) samples. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), the agreement of each criterion compared with the gold standard, and whether statistical significance exists between each criterion were calculated.
No statistical difference was found among the three criteria in detecting EGFR mutations. All three criteria exhibit considerably better specificity than sensitivity. For samples with scores of "3+", PPV could reach up to 100%.
No definite best criterion is among different four-grade scoring criteria. Regardless of the kind of criterion used, the specificity of IHC method in detecting EGFR mutations is markedly better than the sensitivity. For samples with scores of "3+", mutation status can be confirmed, and samples can receive EGFR-TKI therapy directly.
In this paper, a prediction model is developed that combines a Gaussian mixture model （GMM） and a Kalman filter for online forecasting of traffic safety on expressways. Raw time-to-collision （TTC） ...samples are divided into two categories： those representing vehicles in risky situations and those in safe situations the TTC samples, and the maximum likelihood （ML） estimation Then, the GMM is used to model the bimodal distribution of parameters of the TTC distribution are obtained using the expectation-maximization （EM） algorithm. We propose a new traffic safety indicator, named the proportion of exposure to traffic conflicts （PETTC）, for assessing the risk and predicting the safety of expressway traffic. A Kalman filter is applied to forecast the short-term safety indicator, PETTC, and solves the online safety prediction problem. A dataset collected from four different ex- pressway locations is used for performance estimation. The test results demonstrate the precision and robustness of the prediction model under different traffic conditions and using different datasets. These results could help decision-makers to improve their online traffic safety forecasting and enable the optimal operation of expressway traffic management systems.
The effect of γ-ray irradiation and camptothecin (CAM) on human colorectal adenocarcinoma (LS 174T) growth was examined. On inhibition of DNA synthesis of LS 174T cells, almost all combined ...treatments presented a synergistic effect, excepting that the additive effects were shown at the lowest or the highest doses of CAM prior to the γ-ray (137Cs) irradiation. The in vivo antitumor activity of 131I-NCC-CO-411 monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen in combination with CAM was assessed by a tumor growth rate in LS 174T tumor-bearing nude mice. The tumor growth of the combined group was supra-additively suppressed in comparison with that of the individual group. The results suggest that the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy may be enhanced by combination treatment with CAM. A clinical protocol involving a combination treatment with CAM is underway.
For project-based learning model in course of electromechanical Control Engineering, the method of using graduate students as teaching assistants is proposed to resolve the problem of shortage of ...teachers. In mechanical engineering institution, graduate students undertake all kinds of teaching works after strict selection and comprehensive training and the advantages of graduate assistants are fully taken. This system makes great contributions to the teaching of the Electromechanical Control Engineering and achieves positive evaluations from teachers and students. For the problems in teaching system, corresponding solutions are proposed and good teaching effects are achieved in actual teaching process.
Evodiamine has therapeutic potential against cancers. This study was designed to investigate whether combination therapy with gemcitabine and evodiamine enhanced antitumor efficacy in pancreatic ...cancer. In vitro application of the combination therapy triggered significantly higher frequency of pancreatic cancer cells apoptosis, inhibited the activities of PI3K, Akt, PKA, mTOR and PTEN, and decreased the activation of NF-κB and expression of NF-κB-regulated products. In vivo application of the combination therapy induced significant enhancement of tumor cell apoptosis, reductions in tumor volume, and inhibited activation of mTOR and PTEN. In conclusion, evodiamine can augment the therapeutic effect of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer through direct or indirect negative regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
The T cell costimulatory pathways are central to regulating immune responses, and targeting these pathways represents one of the most promising approaches for achieving immunotherapy. The molecular ...structures of costimulation revealed invaluable mechanistic insights underlying costimulatory receptor/ligand specificity, affinity, oligomeric state, and valency, which provided the bases for better manipulation of these signaling pathways. The incredible growth of this field led to identification of new members and unexpected interactions, revealing a complicated regulatory network of immune responses. The advances in structural biology of costimulation will promise unprecedented opportunities for furthering our understanding and therapeutic application of T cell costimulatory pathways.
NCC-CO-411, an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) showed a dose-dependent reactivity with standard CEA, but did not bind to the CEA anchoring with cell membranes. When LS ...174T cells, one of the CEA-producing cells, were treated with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, NCC-CO-411 MoAb recognized the released CEA containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol as well as the standard CEA. The binding activity of NCC-CO-411 MoAb with CEA was also demonstrated by the immunostaining of the LS 174T colorectal tumor xenograft tissues. The biodistribution study showed that NCC-CO-411 MoAb was mainly taken up by tumor and kidney, while the anti-hCEA MoAb was largely concentrated in liver and spleen rather than in the tumor. These results suggest that NCC-CO-411 MoAb recognizes the released CEA and gives an excellent tumor image in LS 174T tumor-bearing mice.
This paper proposes a fractional order gradient method for the backward propagation of convolutional neural networks. To overcome the problem that fractional order gradient method cannot converge to ...real extreme point, a simplified fractional order gradient method is designed based on Caputo's definition. The parameters within layers are updated by the designed gradient method, but the propagations between layers still use integer order gradients, and thus the complicated derivatives of composite functions are avoided and the chain rule will be kept. By connecting every layers in series and adding loss functions, the proposed convolutional neural networks can be trained smoothly according to various tasks. Some practical experiments are carried out in order to demonstrate fast convergence, high accuracy and ability to escape local optimal point at last.
This paper proposes an original solution to input saturation and dead zone of fractional order system. To overcome these nonsmooth nonlinearities, the control input is decomposed into two independent ...parts by introducing an intermediate variable, and thus the problem of dead zone and saturation transforms into the problem of disturbance and saturation afterwards. With the procedure of fractional order adaptive backstepping controller design, the bound of disturbance is estimated, and saturation is compensated by the virtual signal of an auxiliary system as well. In spite of the existence of nonsmooth nonlinearities, the output is guaranteed to track the reference signal asymptotically on the basis of our proposed method. Some simulation studies are carried out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of method at last.
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