By integrating social network theory and leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, we explore the effects of three types of social relationships on employee innovative behavior: weak ties outside the ...group, LMX, and strong ties within the group. The results from a sample in a high-tech firm showed that LMX fully mediated the positive relationship between out-group weak ties and innovative behavior. Furthermore, within-group strong ties negatively moderated the second stage of this indirect relationship, such that LMX was positively and significantly related to innovative behavior only when the number of within-group strong ties was low. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
We theorized and tested an integrated model for the relationship between cognitive diversity and team creativity. This model involves team intrinsic motivation as a mediator and transformational ...leadership as a moderator. The Hierarchical Linear Modeling results using 62 teams revealed that transformational leadership moderated cognitive diversity's direct effect on team intrinsic motivation and indirect effect on team creativity via team intrinsic motivation, such that the effects were positive when transformational leadership was high, but negative when transformational leadership was low.
Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are still confronted with several major challenges, including low energy and power densities, short‐term cycle life, and poor low‐temperature performance, which severely ...hinder their practical applications. Here, a high‐voltage cathode composed of Na3V2(PO4)2O2F nano‐tetraprisms (NVPF‐NTP) is proposed to enhance the energy density of SIBs. The prepared NVPF‐NTP exhibits two high working plateaux at about 4.01 and 3.60 V versus the Na+/Na with a specific capacity of 127.8 mA h g−1. The energy density of NVPF‐NTP reaches up to 486 W h kg−1, which is higher than the majority of other cathode materials previously reported for SIBs. Moreover, due to the low strain (≈2.56% volumetric variation) and superior Na transport kinetics in Na intercalation/extraction processes, as demonstrated by in situ X‐ray diffraction, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and cyclic voltammetry at varied scan rates, the NVPF‐NTP shows long‐term cycle life, superior low‐temperature performance, and outstanding high‐rate capabilities. The comparison of Ragone plots further discloses that NVPF‐NTP presents the best power performance among the state‐of‐the‐art cathode materials for SIBs. More importantly, when coupled with an Sb‐based anode, the fabricated sodium‐ion full‐cells also exhibit excellent rate and cycling performances, thus providing a preview of their practical application.
A high‐voltage sodium‐super‐ion‐conductor‐type cathode significantly enhances the energy density of sodium‐ion batteries. Its low‐strain crystal lattice during the successive (de‐)sodiation and superior Na transport kinetics promise high‐rate capabilities, long‐term cycle life, superior low‐temperature performance, and excellent full‐cell performance, providing a preview of their practical applications.
Background and Aim
Remimazolam tosilate (RT) is a new short‐acting GABA(A) receptor agonist, having potential to be an effective option for procedural sedation. Here, we aimed to compare the efficacy ...and safety of RT with propofol in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Methods
This positive‐controlled, non‐inferiority, phase III trial recruited patients at 17 centers, between September 2017 and November 2017. A total of 384 patients scheduled to undergo upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomly assigned to receive RT or propofol. Primary endpoint was the success rate of sedation. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to evaluate safety.
Results
The success rate of sedation in the RT group was non‐inferior to that in the propofol group (97.34% vs 100.00%; difference in rate −2.66%, 95% CI −4.96 to −0.36, meeting criteria for non‐inferiority). Patients in the RT group had longer time to adequate sedation (P < 0.0001) but shorter time to fully alert (P < 0.0001) than that in the propofol group. The incidences of hypotension (13.04% vs 42.86%, P < 0.0001), treatment‐related hypotension (0.54% vs 5.82%, P < 0.0001), and respiratory depression (1.09% vs 6.88%, P = 0.0064) were significantly lower in the RT group. AEs were reported in 74 (39.15%) patients in the RT group and 114 (60.32%) patients in the propofol group, with significant difference (P < 0.0001).
Conclusion
This trial established non‐inferior sedation success rate of RT compared with propofol. RT allows faster recovery from sedation compared with propofol. The safety profile is favorable and appears to be superior to propofol, indicating that it was feasible and well tolerated for patients.
We developed a dual-level transformational leadership scale to measure individual-focused behavior at the individual level and group-focused behavior at the group level, and we validated the scale ...using a sample of 203 members from 60 work groups in a Canadian company. Results show that individual-focused leadership behavior, at the individual level, was positively related to task performance and personal initiative; group-focused leadership behavior, at the group level, was positively associated with team performance and helping behavior. Implications for leadership theory and practice are offered.
Neurodegenerative diseases generally result in irreversible neuronal damage and neuronal death. Cell therapy shows promise as a potential treatment for these diseases. However, the therapeutic ...targeted delivery of these cells and the in situ provision of a suitable microenvironment for their differentiation into functional neuronal networks remain challenging. A highly integrated multifunctional soft helical microswimmer featuring targeted neuronal cell delivery, on‐demand localized wireless neuronal electrostimulation, and post‐delivery enzymatic degradation is introduced. The helical soft body of the microswimmer is fabricated by two‐photon lithography of the photocurable gelatin–methacryloyl (GelMA)‐based hydrogel. The helical body is then impregnated with composite multiferroic nanoparticles displaying magnetoelectric features (MENPs). While the soft GelMA hydrogel chassis supports the cell growth, and is degraded by enzymes secreted by cells, the MENPs allow for the magnetic transportation of the bioactive chassis, and act as magnetically mediated electrostimulators of neuron‐like cells. The unique combination of the materials makes these microswimmers highly integrated devices that fulfill several requirements for their future translation to clinical applications, such as cargo delivery, cell stimulation, and biodegradability. The authors envision that these devices will inspire new avenues for targeted cell therapies for traumatic injuries and diseases in the central nervous system.
Biodegradable soft magnetoelectric microswimmers are fabricated using a 3D‐printing technique. These microswimmers can perform targeted delivery of neuron‐like cells and induce neuronal differentiation of these cells under different magnetic stimulation modes. This combinatorial technique is a significant step towards highly integrated microrobots, and may open up new avenues for cell therapies.
Despite the importance of leader vision communication to effective leadership, little is known about what prompts leaders to communicate a vision in the first place. Drawing from construal level ...theory, we examined the within-person relationship of leader construal level in the morning with vision communication during that workday. Leadership self-identity, or the extent to which “being a leader” is central to one’s self-concept, was specified as a cross-level moderator of the daily construal level–vision communication relationship. We tested our predictions using an experience sampling design across 15 consecutive workdays. In total, we obtained a total of 394 matched morning and afternoon surveys from 44 mid- to high-level managers. Results revealed that a high-level construal level in the morning was positively associated with vision communication during the day but only when leadership self-identity is high (vs. low). We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings, in particular with regard to the emerging field of visionary leadership as well as the emerging literature that uses construal level theory to explain leadership phenomena.
Mobile micro‐ and nanorobots are proposed for future biomedical applications, such as diagnostics and targeted delivery. For their translation to clinical practice, biocompatibility and ...biodegradability of micro‐ and nanorobots are required aspects. The fabrication of small‐scale robots with non‐cytotoxic biodegradable soft components will allow for enhanced device assimilation, optimal tissue interaction and minimized immune reactions. The 3D microfabrication of biodegradable soft helical microswimmers via two‐photon polymerization of the non‐toxic photocrosslinkable hydrogel gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is reported. GelMA microswimmers are fabricated with user‐defined geometry and rendered magnetically responsive by decorating their surface with magnetic nanoparticles. In contrast to previous rigid helical microrobots, the soft helical microswimmers can corkscrew above the step‐out frequency with relatively high values of forward velocity, suggesting an unprecedented self‐adaptive behavior. Cytotoxicity assays show the toxicity of GelMA is at least three orders of magnitude lower than that of poly(ethyleneglycol) diacrylates, which are widely used for fabricating hydrogel‐based microswimmers. GelMA microswimmers are fully degradable by collagenases. Furthermore, they support cell attachment and growth, and are gradually digested by cell‐released enzymes during culture. These non‐cytotoxic biodegradable hydrogel microswimmers will greatly expand their applications in medicine by eliminating the concerns of retrieving microrobots after fulfilling tasks in body.
Biodegradable soft helical microswimmers are successfully developed based on two‐photon photopolymerization of a gelatin derivative, GelMA. By decorating their surface with magnetic nanoparticles, these microswimmers can be manipulated by magnetic field. Because of the proteolytic cleavage of peptide domains in gelatin, microswimmers made of GelMA can be fully degraded by cell‐secreted proteases.
Integrating empowerment and creativity theories, this study simultaneously explores the context‐specific (i.e., access to resources AR and access to information AI) and actor‐related (i.e., ...organization‐based self‐esteem OBSE) mechanisms in the relationship between empowering leadership and employee creativity. Furthermore, drawing on the interactionist perspective of creativity, it examines how AR and AI may interact with OBSE to influence creativity. Multisource data were collected from 217 employees and their supervisors using a three‐wave, time‐lagged research design. The results reveal that OBSE and AR mediate the relationship between empowering leadership and creativity. Moreover, AR moderates the relationship between OBSE and creativity, such that this relationship is significant only when AR is high. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Practitioner points
Empowering leaders may stimulate creativity by impacting their employees' OBSE and access to resources.
A possible way for leaders to facilitate creativity is to simultaneously promote employees' OBSE and provide them with the necessary resources
The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United Kingdom and worldwide calls for new approaches to its management, and diets with low glycaemic index have been proposed as a useful means for ...managing glucose response. However, there are conflicting reports and differences in the results of studies in terms of their effectiveness. Furthermore, the impact of low-glycaemic index diets and their long-term use in patients with type 2 diabetes remains unclear.
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of low-glycaemic index diets in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Search methods: Randomised controlled studies were selected from a number of databases (EBSCOHost with links to Health Research databases, PubMed, and grey literature) based on the Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes and Study designs (PICOS) framework. The search terms included synonyms and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and involved the use of Boolean operators (AND/OR) which allowed the combination of words and search terms.
As per the selection criteria, the following types of articles were selected: studies on randomised controlled trials, with year of publication between 2008 and 2018, including patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, studies involving patients with gestational and type 1 diabetes were excluded, as were observational studies. Nine articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected for the systematic review, whereas only six articles which met the criteria were included in the meta-analysis.
Studies were evaluated for quality and risk of bias. In addition, heterogeneity, meta-analysis, and sensitivity tests of the extracted data were carried out using Review Manager 5.3 (Review Manager, 2014).
The findings of the systematic review showed that the low-glycaemic index (low-GI) diet resulted in a significant improvement (<0.05) in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in two studies: low-GI diet Δ = -0.5% (95% CI, -0.61% to -0.39%) vs. high-cereal fibre diet Δ = -0.18% (95% CI, -0.29% to -0.07%); and low-GI legume diet Δ = -0.5% (95%, -0.6% to -0.4%) vs. high-wheat fibre diet Δ = -0.3% (95% Cl, -0.4 to -0.2%). There was a slight improvement in one study (low glycaemic response = 6.5% (6.3-7.1) vs. control = 6.6% (6.3-7.0) and no significant difference (
> 0.05) in four studies compared with the control diet. Four studies showed improvements in fasting blood glucose in low-GI diets compared to higher-GI diets or control: low-GI diet = 150.8 ± 8.7 vs. higher-GI diet = 157.8 ± 10.4 mg/dL, mean ± SD
= 0.43; low-GI diet = 127.7 vs. high-cereal fibre diet = 136.8 mg/dL,
= 0.02; low-GI diet = 6.5 (5.6-8.4) vs. standard diabetic diet = 6.7 (6.1-7.5) mmol/L, median and interquartile range
> 0.05; and low-GI diet = 7.3 ± 0.3 vs. conventional carbohydrate exchange diet = 7.7 ± 0.4 mmol/L, mean ± SEM (Standard Error of Mean)
< 0.05. The results of the meta-analysis and sensitivity tests demonstrated significant differences (
< 0.001 and
< 0.001, respectively) between the low-GI diet and the higher-GI diet or control diet in relation to glycated haemoglobin. Differences between the low-GI diet and higher-GI diet or control were significant (
< 0.05) with respect to the fasting blood glucose following meta-analysis.
The low-GI diet is more effective in controlling glycated haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose compared with a higher-GI diet or control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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