Abstract
Using the Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model (AWI-CM 1.1 LR), we explored how Arctic and extra-Arctic warming affect the response of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to ...quadruple carbon dioxide (4 × CO
2
) forcing. The results suggest that AMOC weakening is mainly affected by circulation adjustment caused by extra-Arctic warming, while Arctic warming has a limited local impact and a relatively small contribution to AMOC weakening. Due to the warming outside the Arctic, the increase in northward advective heat transport dominates the weakening of deep convection in Nordic Seas. While in the Labrador Sea, the decrease in advection heat transport is compensated by a more significant decrease in ocean heat loss to the atmosphere, leading to an enhancement of the upper ocean stratification. Besides, the weakening of deep convection associated with AMOC response under global warming is more pronounced in Nordic Seas than in Labrador Sea.
Most of the current development of artificial intelligence is based on brain cognition, however, this replication of biology cannot simulate the subjective emotional and mental state changes of human ...beings. Due to the imperfections of existing artificial intelligence, this manuscript summarizes and clarifies that artificial intelligence system combined with cognitive psychology is the research direction of artificial intelligence. It aims to promote the development of artificial intelligence and give computers human advanced cognitive abilities, so that computers can recognize emotions, understand human feelings, and eventually achieve dialog and empathy with humans and other artificial intelligence. This paper emphasizes the development potential and importance of artificial intelligence to understand, possess and discriminate human mental states, and argues its application value with three typical application examples of human–computer interaction: face attraction, affective computing, and music emotion, which is conducive to the further and higher level of artificial intelligence research.
River runoff supplies the Arctic Ocean with a large amount of freshwater and land-derived material, so it is important for both the physical and biogeochemical marine environment. In this study, we ...used wind perturbation simulations to elucidate the response of the circulation pathways and exports of Arctic river runoff to different atmospheric circulation regimes. Specifically, wind perturbations representing the negative and positive phases of the Arctic Oscillation and Beaufort High modes were imposed over the Arctic Ocean separately in different sensitivity experiments. In addition, some combinations of the two modes were also considered in sensitivity experiments. By comparing these experiments with a control simulation, we revealed the impact of different wind perturbations. The atmospheric circulation regimes influence the Arctic surface geostrophic currents through changing the halosteric height, which is associated with the changes in spatial distribution of surface freshwater. The circulation pathways of river runoff, and Pacific and Atlantic derived surface waters are mainly determined by the surface geostrophic currents. The positive (negative) Arctic Oscillation reduces (increases) freshwater storage and sea surface height in the Makarov and Eurasian basins, thus strengthening (weakening) the cyclonic circulation and weakening (strengthening) the anticyclonic circulation; Accordingly, the Eurasian runoff leaves the Siberian shelf at more eastern (western) locations, and has an enhanced export through the Fram Strait (Canadian Arctic Archipelago). The positive (negative) Beaufort High increases (reduces) freshwater storage and sea surface height in the Amerasian Basin, thus strengthening (weakening) the anticyclonic circulation; Accordingly, the Eurasian runoff export through the Fram Strait and the Mackenzie River runoff export through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are reduced (increased). The positive Arctic Oscillation increases freshwater available to the Beaufort Gyre, which can be efficiently accumulated there in the presence of a positive Beaufort High forcing. The impact of the Beaufort High mode on the location of the Transpolar Drift Stream and runoff circulation pathways is stronger with a positive Arctic Oscillation than with a neutral Arctic Oscillation state. Our results also showed that Eurasian runoff can only have a relatively small contribution to freshwater accumulation in the Beaufort Gyre region.
Limited information exists regarding whether circulating microbiota could predict long-term clinical outcomes following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). A total of 244 consecutive ...patients with STEMI were followed for 2.8 years, and 64 first major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were recorded. Both microbiota abundance Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.02-1.33) and microbiota clusters (Cluster 2 versus Cluster 1: HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.04-3.27) could independently predict MACE. Furthermore, a model based on established independent predictors alone was significantly improved by the addition of different microbiota patterns. In addition, CD14++CD16+ monocytes (Mon2) had a significant mediation effect on the microbiota patterns → MACE association. The present study demonstrated that the abundance and clusters of circulating microbiota are associated with future adverse cardiovascular events independent of traditional risk factors, which were partially mediated by an increase in Mon2.
A 55-year-old woman underwent FDG PET/CT to evaluate a pancreatic mass. The images showed elevated FDG activity in the uncinated process of the pancreas, suggestive of malignancy. However, ...pathological examination from the resected lesion demonstrated pancreatic schwannoma.
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a liver tumor featured by challenges of non-invasive early diagnosis and a higher prevalence rate in Asian countries. These characteristics necessitate the ...development of liquid biopsy and immunotherapy methods to improve the prognosis of patients with ICC. Herein, we conducted a pilot study on the transcriptome of tumor tissues, adjacent normal tissues, and plasma exosomes of Asian patients with ICC from northern and southern China. We identified a subgroup of immunogenic Asian ICC, which is different from Caucasian ICC and is characterized by T cell exhaustion and neutrophil extracellular traps. The levels of circ-PTPN22 (hsa_circ_0110529) and circ-ADAMTS6 (hsa_circ_0072688), potential circRNA biomarkers, were elevated in the ICC tumor tissues and plasma exosomes of this subgroup than in the other subgroups and normal controls. These circRNAs were derived from post-transcriptional backsplicing of PTPN22 and ADAMTS6 that were expressed in T cells and endothelial cells, respectively, in the ICC microenvironment. Our results revealed a subgroup of Asian ICC characterized by T cell exhaustion and neutrophil extracellular traps and marked by elevated levels of circ-PTPN22 and circ-ADAMTS6 in tumor tissues and plasma exosomes. This subgroup is potentially detectable by plasma exosomal circRNAs and treatable with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Multifaceted transcriptomic analysis of Asian ICC tumor tissues, adjacent normal tissues, and plasma exosomes revealed a subgroup of immunogenic Asian ICC. This subgroup was characterized by T cell exhaustion and neutrophil extracellular traps, and was marked by elevated circ-PTPN22 and circ-ADAMTS6 in ICC tumor tissues and plasma exosomes.
A growing body of evidence has shown that circular RNA (circRNA) is a promising exosomal cancer biomarker candidate. However, global circRNA alterations in cancer and the underlying mechanism, ...essential for identification of ideal circRNA cancer biomarkers, remain under investigation. We comparatively analyzed the circRNA landscape in pan-cancer and pan-normal tissues. Using co-expression and LASSO regularization analyses, as well as a support vector machine, we analyzed 265 pan-cancer and 319 pan-normal tissues in order to identify the circRNAs with the highest ability to distinguish between pan-cancer and pan-normal tissues. We further studied their expression in plasma exosomes from patients with cancer and their relation with cancer mutations and tumor microenvironment landscape. We discovered that circRNA expression was globally reduced in pan-cancer tissues and plasma exosomes from cancer patients than in pan-normal tissues and plasma exosomes from healthy controls. We identified dynein axonemal heavy chain 14 (
DNAH14
), the top back-spliced gene exclusive to pan-cancer tissues, as the host gene of three pan-cancer tissue-enriched circRNAs. Among these three circRNAs, chr1_224952669_224968874_+ was significantly elevated in plasma exosomes from hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer patients. It was also related to the cancer mutation chr1:224952669: G>A, a splice acceptor variant, and was increasingly transcription-driven in cancer tissues. Moreover, pan-cancer tissue-enriched and pan-normal tissue-enriched circRNAs were associated with distinct tumor microenvironment patterns. Our machine learning-based analysis provides insights into the aberrant landscape and biogenesis of circRNAs in cancer and highlights cancer mutation-related and DNAH14-derived circRNA, chr1_224952669_224968874_+, as a potential cancer biomarker.
A series of ionic Au(I)-complexes ligated by the phosphine-functionalized ionic liquids were synthesized and characterized, which are composed of the Au(I)-complex cation and the counteranion of ...OTf−, AuCl4−, or PF6−, respectively. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses show that the Au(I)-centered vector in 1A, 1B, 2A, 3A, and 4A all possess the slightly twisted linear geometry, and in each individual the Au(I)-center is coordinated by one chlorine and one imidazolium-based phosphine. The aggregation of 1B in acetone can lead to the formation of the trinuclear Au(I)-complex of 1C due to the aurophilic Au(I)–Au(I) interaction, the electrostatic attraction, and the steric preference. When these ionic Au-complexes were employed as precatalysts for hydration of phenylacetylene in aqueous-methanol media, the reaction proceeded selectively according to Markovnikov's rule with moderate to high yields of acetophenone. The highest activities were achieved over 2A with hydrophobic PF6− as the counteranion and the trinuclear 1C under mild conditions (75 °C, 2 h), in conjunction with the additive of proton acid H2SO4. The ion-pair effect on the catalytic performance of the corresponding Au(I)-complexes, coming from the phosphine-ligated cations and the counteranions, were investigated.
A series of ionic mononuclear and trinuclear Au(I)-complexes ligated by phosphine-functionalized ionic liquids were synthesized and characterized, which were employed as precatalysts for hydration of phenylacetylene in aqueous-methanol media. The ion-pair effect on the catalytic performance of the corresponding Au(I)-complexes, coming from the phosphine-ligated cations and the counteranions, were investigated. Display omitted
•Ionic mononuclear and trinuclear Au(I)-complexes.•Hydration of phenylacetylene catalyzed by ionic Au(I)-complexes.•Catalysis of functionalized ionic liquids.
•We compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models.•There is a large spread in temperature bias in the Arctic Ocean between the models.•Warm bias models have a strong ...temperature anomaly of inflow of Atlantic Water.•Dense outflows formed on Arctic shelves are not captured accurately in the models.
In this paper we compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments, phase II (CORE-II). Most of these models are the ocean and sea-ice components of the coupled climate models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) experiments. We mainly focus on the hydrography of the Arctic interior, the state of Atlantic Water layer and heat and volume transports at the gateways of the Davis Strait, the Bering Strait, the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. We found that there is a large spread in temperature in the Arctic Ocean between the models, and generally large differences compared to the observed temperature at intermediate depths. Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. Another process that is not represented accurately in the CORE-II models is the formation of cold and dense water, originating on the eastern shelves. In the cold bias models, excessive cold water forms in the Barents Sea and spreads into the Arctic Ocean through the St. Anna Through. There is a large spread in the simulated mean heat and volume transports through the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. The models agree more on the decadal variability, to a large degree dictated by the common atmospheric forcing. We conclude that the CORE-II model study helps us to understand the crucial biases in the Arctic Ocean. The current coarse resolution state-of-the-art ocean models need to be improved in accurate representation of the Atlantic Water inflow into the Arctic and density currents coming from the shelves.
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