As the core ingredient for spin polarization, the equilibrium spin distribution function that eliminates the collision terms is derived from the detailed balance principle. The kinetic theory for ...interacting fermionic systems is applied to the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model at quark level. Under the semi-classical expansion with respect to
ħ
, the kinetic equations for the vector and axial-vector distribution functions are obtained with collision terms. For an initially unpolarized system, spin polarization can be generated at the first order of
ħ
from the coupling between the vector and axial-vector charges. Different from the classical transport theory, the collision terms in a quantum theory vanish only in global equilibrium with Killing condition.
A
bstract
It has been realized that thermal shear plays a similar role as thermal vorticity in polarizing spin of particles in heavy ion collisions. We point out that shear has a funda- mental ...difference that it leads to particle redistribution in the medium. The redistribution gives rise to an additional contribution to spin polarization through the self-energy, which is parametrically the same order as the one considered so far in the literature. The self-energy contribution is in general gauge dependent. We introduce double gauge links stretching along the Schwinger-Keldysh contour to restore gauge invariance. We also generalize the straight path to adapt to the Schwinger-Keldysh contour. We find another contribution associated with the gauge link, which is also parametrically the same order. We illustrate the two contributions with a massive probe fermion in massless QED plasma with shear. A modest suppression of spin polarization is found from the combined contributions when the probe fermion has momentum much greater than the temperature.
•The maximum daily methane production could be increased by 47.8% by nano-magnetite.•Nano-magnetite enhanced the methane production through DIET and Fe-S precipitation.•Nano-magnetite enhanced the ...methanogenesis not hydrolysis or acetogenesis.•Nano-magnetite did not influence the dynamics of microbial community and ARGs.•Microbial community contributed the most to the fate of ARGs.
Swine manure is an important reservoir of environmental antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and anaerobic digestion (AD) is a commonly used method for swine manure treatment. In this study, the optimized dosage of nano-magnetite to enhance methane production was figured out, the changes of the fate of ARGs response to nano-magnetite were investigated, and the microbial mechanisms were deciphered through the microbial community analysis and key functional genes quantification. Results showed that nano-magnetite could improve the methane production by maximum 6.0%, the maximum daily methane production could be increased by 47.8%, and the AD time could be shortened by above 20.0% at the addition of 75 mmol. The improved performance could be associated with the enhancement of direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) and the inhibition release due to the formation of Fe-S precipitation not the nutrition elements role of nano-magnetite, and nano-magnetite did not significantly influence the dynamics of microbial community. Nano-magnetite could enhance the methanogenesis instead of the acetogenesis reflected by the functional genes analysis, and the limited effects of nano-magnetite on the fate of ARGs could be associated with its limited influence on the microbial community which determined the fate of ARGs during AD of swine manure.
The effect of probiotic therapy on bacterial vaginosis (BV) is controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety associated with probiotic treatment for BV.
We searched multiple ...databases covering up to 1 March 2018. Studies published as blinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing treatment using probiotic versus active or placebo control in BV patients were included, with at least one-month follow-up. Random effects model and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were applied.
Ten studies (
= 2321) were included. Compared with placebo, the probiotics-only therapy resulted in a beneficial outcome both in clinical cure rate at the 30th day (risk ratio, RR = 2.57; 95% confidential interval, 95% CI: 1.96 to 3.37), and Nugent score (mean difference, MD = -2.71; 95% CI: 3.41 to -2.00). This effect decreased but remained significant after eight weeks. Probiotics-post-antibiotics therapy had a decreased effect only for a short term and possibly among studies with a mostly black study population. No extra adverse events were observed. The TSA suggested a larger sample size for effective evaluation of the probiotics as a supplementary remedy.
Probiotic regimes are safe and may exhibit a short-term and long-term beneficial effect for BV treatment. The ethnic-specific result for the probiotic used after antibiotics is worthy of further study.
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•Magnetite improved the methane production by 16.1% in AD of swine manure.•Magnetite enhanced the acetoclastic not hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis.•DIET and syntrophic oxidize of ...propionate were enhanced by magnetite.•ARGs were significantly impacted in the course not the end of AD of swine manure.•Microbial community caused by magnetite contributed most to ARGs fate.
Effects of magnetite on methane production and fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during anaerobic digestion (AD) of swine manure were investigated. Results showed that methane production was increased by maximum 16.1%, and magnetite could enhance the acetoclastic methanogenesis not hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis reflected by the functional gene quantification and microbial community analysis. The propionate degradation rate was improved, and it was syntrophic oxidized into H+/e−/CO2 for direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) and acetate, where DIET was further enhanced by magnetite and the acetate was transformed into methane through syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) pathway. Magnetite mainly influenced the ARGs at the interim period of AD, where ARGs especially ermF were significantly enriched. Magnetite did not influence the total ARGs abundance at the end, although the tetM was enriched and mefA was reduced finally. Statistical analysis indicated that magnetite influenced the ARGs fate mainly through the changes of microbial community.
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•Similar influents in varied processes lead to similar sludge microbial community.•HGT might mainly occur in an aeration tank rather than the anaerobic/anoxic tank.•Higher ...co-occurrence of potential pathogens and ARGs in wastewater than in sludge.•Microbial biomass mainly drive ARGs in wastewater, while MGEs drive ARGs in sludge.•Enhancement in nutrients removal and tertiary treatment would benefit ARGs removal.
The evolution of microbial community and the fate of ARGs along different full-scale wastewater treatment processes (i.e., Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic, Oxidation Ditch, and Cyclic Activated Sludge System) were investigated in this study. We found that the sludges of bioreactors treating similar influent showed the similar microbial communities, independent of the treatment technologies. The horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mainly occurred in aeration tank rather that anaerobic/anoxic tank. More co-occurrence of potential pathogens and ARGs was found in wastewater than in sludge. Microbial biomass was the key driver for the fate of ARGs in wastewater, while mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was the key factor for the fate of ARGs in sludge. Combination of wastewater characteristics, microbial diversity, microbial biomass, and MGEs contributed to the variation of ARGs. Finally, it was found that enhanced nutrients removal process and tertiary treatment would benefit ARGs removal.
Skin tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are produced by antigenic stimulation and remain in the skin for a long time without entering the peripheral circulation. In the healthy state Trm cells can ...play a patrolling and surveillance role, but in the disease state Trm cells differentiate into various phenotypes associated with different diseases, exhibit different localizations, and consequently have local protective or pathogenic roles, such as disease recurrence in vitiligo and maintenance of immune homeostasis in melanoma. The most common surface marker of Trm cells is CD69/CD103. However, the plasticity of tissue-resident memory T cells after colonization remains somewhat uncertain. This ambiguity is largely due to the variation in the functionality and ultimate destination of Trm cells produced from memory cells differentiated from diverse precursors. Notably, the presence of Trm cells is not stationary across numerous non-lymphoid tissues, most notably in the skin. These cells may reenter the blood and distant tissue sites during the recall response, revealing the recycling and migration potential of the Trm cell progeny. This review focuses on the origin and function of skin Trm cells, and provides new insights into the role of skin Trm cells in the treatment of autoimmune skin diseases, infectious skin diseases, and tumors.
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