The Apollo lunar sounder radar system Porcello, L.J.; Jordan, R.L.; Zelenka, J.S. ...
Proceedings of the IEEE,
01/1974, Letnik:
62, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The objectives of the Apollo 17 Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) were to detect subsurface geologic structures, to generate a continuous lunar profile, and to image the moon a radar wavelengths. The ...first objective is generally impossible on Earth, but is possible on the moon because of the very low EM attenuation found in lunar rocks. A three-wavelength synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) operating at 60 m, 20 m, and 2 m (5, 15, and 150 MHz) was designed to attain these objectives. The design choices reflected a balance of scientific requirements versus Apollo mission and hard-ware constraints. The most difficult choice was that of wavelength, since longer wavelengths have the potential for deeper subsurface penetration at the expense of depth resolution. Shorter wavelengths enhance the ability to generate surface images and accurate profiles. The sounding requirement led to a system requirement for large dynamic range and precise sidelobe control. The radar data from the lunar mission were recorded on photographic film in a conventional SAR format, and were returned to Earth for processing. A combination of optical and digital processing and exploitation techniques was applied to the scientific interpretation of the data. Some preliminary results from the lunar mission have been obtained. The system design and data exploitation techniques developed in support of the ALSE experiment show considerable promise for eventual application to earth-resource survey radar systems.
Neuraminidase (NA) is one of the two influenza virus surface glycoproteins, and antibodies that target it are an independent correlate of protection. However, our current understanding of NA ...antigenicity is incomplete. Here, we describe human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a patient with a pandemic H1N1 virus infection in 2009. Two mAbs exhibited broad reactivity and inhibited NA enzyme activity of seasonal H1N1 viruses circulating before and after 2009, as well as viruses with avian or swine N1s. The mAbs provided robust protection from lethal challenge with human H1N1 and avian H5N1 viruses in mice, and both target an epitope on the lateral face of NA. In summary, we identified two broadly protective NA antibodies that share a novel epitope, inhibited NA activity, and provide protection against virus challenge in mice. Our work reaffirms that NA should be included as a target in future broadly protective or universal influenza virus vaccines.
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•Discovery of human monoclonal antibodies broadly reactive to influenza virus neuraminidase•Potent NA enzyme inhibition against human, avian, and swine HxN1 influenza viruses•Conserved epitopes identified on the lateral side of N1 neuraminidase by cryo-EM•Robust protection against lethal influenza H1N1 and H5N1 virus challenge in mice
Optimizing neuraminidase antigenicity is essential for improving influenza vaccines. Hansen et al. isolated human monoclonal antibodies with broad enzyme inhibition activity against human, avian, and swine N1 neuraminidase that provided robust protection in vivo. Cryo-EM revealed highly conserved sites on the lateral face of neuraminidase, distal to the active site.
Individuals reporting persistent psychotic experiences (PEs) in the general population, but without a “need for care”, are a unique group of particular importance in identifying risk and protective ...factors for psychosis. We compared people with persistent PEs and no “need for care” (non‐clinical, N=92) with patients diagnosed with a psychotic disorder (clinical, N=84) and controls without PEs (N=83), in terms of their phenomenological, socio‐demographic and psychological features. The 259 participants were recruited from one urban and one rural area in the UK, as part of the UNIQUE (Unusual Experiences Enquiry) study. Results showed that the non‐clinical group experienced hallucinations in all modalities as well as first‐rank symptoms, with an earlier age of onset than in the clinical group. Somatic/tactile hallucinations were more frequent than in the clinical group, while commenting and conversing voices were rare. Participants in the non‐clinical group were differentiated from their clinical counterparts by being less paranoid and deluded, apart from ideas of reference, and having fewer cognitive difficulties and negative symptoms. Unlike the clinical group, they were characterized neither by low psychosocial functioning nor by social adversity. However, childhood trauma featured in both groups. They were similar to the controls in psychological characteristics: they did not report current emotional problems, had intact self‐esteem, displayed healthy schemas about the self and others, showed high life satisfaction and well‐being, and high mindfulness. These findings support biopsychosocial models postulating that environmental and psychological factors interact with biological processes in the aetiology of psychosis. While some PEs may be more malign than others, lower levels of social and environmental adversity, combined with protective factors such as intact IQ, spirituality, and psychological and emotional well‐being, may reduce the likelihood of persistent PEs leading to pathological outcomes. Future research should focus on protective factors and determinants of well‐being in the context of PEs, rather than exclusively on risk factors and biomarkers of disease states.
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