The filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora develops complex fruiting bodies (perithecia) to propagate its sexual spores. Here, we present an analysis of the sterile mutant pro41 that is unable to ...produce mature fruiting bodies. The mutant carries a deletion of 4 kb and is complemented by the pro41 open reading frame that is contained within the region deleted in the mutant. In silico analyses predict PRO41 to be an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein, and a PRO41-EGFP fusion protein colocalizes with ER-targeted DsRED. Furthermore, Western blot analysis shows that the PRO41-EGFP fusion protein is present in the membrane fraction. A fusion of the predicted N-terminal signal sequence of PRO41 with EGFP is secreted out of the cell, indicating that the signal sequence is functional. pro41 transcript levels are upregulated during sexual development. This increase in transcript levels was not observed in the sterile mutant pro1 that lacks a transcription factor gene. Moreover, microarray analysis of gene expression in the mutants pro1, pro41 and the pro1/41 double mutant showed that pro41 is partly epistatic to pro1. Taken together, these data show that PRO41 is a novel ER membrane protein essential for fruiting body formation in filamentous fungi.
Im vorliegenden Band werden „Globale öffentliche Güter in interdisziplinären Perspektiven“ behandelt. Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus den unterschiedlichen Disziplinen untersuchen u.a. ...wie globale öffentliche Güter geschützt bzw. gefördert werden können. Zu diesen Gütern gehören beispielsweise der Weltfrieden, das Weltklima bzw. der Klimawandel, die globale Umweltverschmutzung, das Internet, sauberes Wasser und saubere Luft, der weltweite Mülltourismus, die globale Gerechtigkeit und globale Standards für die Globalisierungsprozesse. Diese Güter, ihr Schutz bzw. ihre Förderung sind Bestandteile einer lebenswerten Welt. Sie sind überdies Gegenstand unserer gemeinsamen Verantwortung gegenüber den heutigen und künftigen Generationen.
1. Hinführung Die besonderen Charakteristika globaler öffentlicher Güter stellen in vielerlei Hinsicht eine Herausforderung für eine Theorie globaler Gerechtigkeit dar. Eine solche Theorie muss nicht ...nur klären, welche Verteilung dieser Güter gerecht ist und inwiefern sie für zukünftige Generationen erhalten werden sollten. Eine globale Gerechtigkeitstheorie sollte auch Vorschläge unterbreiten, mit welchen politischen und institutionellen Mitteln eine gerechte Verteilung bzw. eine nachhaltige...
To better understand anti-malaria protective immune responses, we examined the cellular mechanisms that govern protective immunity in a murine Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (PyNL) re-infection model. ...Initially, we confirmed that immune B cells generated during a primary PyNL infection were largely responsible for protection from a second PyNL infection. Using the previously identified memory B cell markers CD80, PD-L2, and CD73, we found an increase in the frequency of CD80-PD-L2-CD73+ B cells up to 55 days after a primary PyNL infection and at 4–6 days following a second PyNL infection. Moreover, injection of enriched immune CD19+CD73+ B cells into nonimmune mice were significantly more protective against a PyNL infection than CD73- B cells. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of these CD73+ B cells also expressed IgM and granzyme B, a biomolecule that has been increasingly associated with protective responses against malaria.
To better understand anti-malaria protective immune responses, we examined the cellular mechanisms that govern protective immunity in a murine Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (PyNL) re-infection model. ...Initially, we confirmed that immune B cells generated during a primary PyNL infection were largely responsible for protection from a second PyNL infection. Using the previously identified memory B cell markers CD80, PD-L2, and CD73, we found an increase in the frequency of CD80.sup.- PD-L2.sup.- CD73.sup.+ B cells up to 55 days after a primary PyNL infection and at 4-6 days following a second PyNL infection. Moreover, injection of enriched immune CD19.sup.+ CD73.sup.+ B cells into nonimmune mice were significantly more protective against a PyNL infection than CD73.sup.- B cells. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of these CD73.sup.+ B cells also expressed IgM and granzyme B, a biomolecule that has been increasingly associated with protective responses against malaria.
The delay in parasite-specific B cell development leaves people in malaria endemic areas vulnerable to repeated
infections. Here, we investigated the role of transmembrane activator and ...calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), a molecule involved in the generation of antigen-specific antibody secreting cells, in host response to non-lethal
infection. We found that TACI deficiency not only resulted in higher peak parasitemia levels in
challenged mice, but also led to a delay in parasite clearance and anti-
Merozoite Surface Protein 1(C-terminal 19-kDa fragment rMSP-1
) protein and anti-rMSP-1
and anti-
IgG antibody development. There was also a delay in the generation of splenic high affinity antibody secreting cells that recognize rMSP-1
protein as compared to wild-type mice. Interestingly, coinciding with the delay in parasite clearance there was a delay in the resolution of T follicular helper (T
) cell and germinal center (GC) B cell responses in TACI -/- mice. The persistence of T
and GC B cells is likely a result of enhanced interaction between T
and GC B cells because inducible costimulator ligand (ICOSL) expression was significantly higher on TACI -/- GC B cells than wild-type cells. The difference in the kinetics of GC reaction appeared to also impact the emergence of plasma cells (PC) because there was a delay in the generation of TACI -/- mice PC. Nevertheless, following the recovery from
infection, TACI -/- and wild-type mice were both protected from a rechallenge infection. Establishment of protective B cell response was responsible for the resolution of parasitemia because B cells purified from recovered TACI -/- or wild-type mice were equally protective when introduced to naïve wild-type mice prior to
challenge. Thus, despite the increased susceptibility of TACI -/- mice to
infection and a delay in the development of protective antibody levels, TACI -/- mice are able to clear the infection and resist rechallenge infection.
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