Novel stereodivergent total syntheses of all the seven stereoisomers of (−)‐shikimic acid (−)‐SA 1 have been systematically performed. (+)‐ent‐SA ent‐1 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 9 steps in 31 ...% overall yield; (−)‐3‐epi‐SA 2 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 5 steps in 66 % overall yield; (+)‐3‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐2 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 7 steps in 43 % overall yield; (−)‐4‐epi‐SA 3 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 11 steps in 32 % overall yield; (+)‐4‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐3 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 7 steps in 42 % overall yield; (−)‐5‐epi‐SA 4 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 6 steps in 56 % overall yield; and (+)‐5‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐4 was synthesized from (−)‐SA 1 via 12 steps in 29 % overall yield. The stereochemistry of all the above seven stereoisomers of (−)‐SA 1 were further studied by two dimensional (2D) 1H NMR technique.
(−)‐Shikimic acid (−)‐SA 1 is a naturally‐abundant product from Chinese star anise. All of the seven stereoisomers i. e. (+)‐ent‐SA ent‐1, (−)‐3‐epi‐SA 2, (+)‐3‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐2, (−)‐4‐epi‐SA 3, (+)‐4‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐3, (−)‐5‐epi‐SA 4 and (+)‐5‐epi‐ent‐SA ent‐4 have been systematically synthesized from (−)‐SA 1.
Limited research has been conducted on the potential relationship between the dietary inflammation index (DII) and mortality, particularly in individuals with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) ...infection. This study aimed to investigate the association between the DII and H. pylori infection, as well as their respective impacts on all-cause mortality in a cohort of individuals with or without H. pylori infection.
Data from the 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were utilized for this study, with a final of 4370 participants included. Both univariable and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses were employed to explore the relationship between H. pylori infection and pertinent covariates. Cox regression analysis, as well as restricted regression cubic spline analysis, were utilized to assess the association between DII and all-cause mortality among individuals with or without H. pylori infection.
The findings demonstrated a positive correlation between DII scores and H. pylori infection, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Moreover, higher DII scores were significantly associated with an elevated risk of mortality exclusively in individuals with H. pylori infection, while no such association was observed in the uninfected population. Additional analysis using restricted cubic spline modeling revealed a positive linear relationship between DII scores as a continuous variable and the adjusted risk of all-cause mortality specifically in H. pylori-infected patients.
The results of this study indicated that DII was positively correlated with an increased risk of H. pylori infection and was associated with a heightened risk of all-cause mortality solely in individuals with H. pylori infection. Consequently, DII might serve as a useful tool for risk stratification in the H. pylori-infected population among U.S. adults. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical implications of these findings.
Toxocara canis is distributed worldwide, posing a serious threat to both human and dog health; however, the pathogenesis of T. canis infection in dogs remains unclear. In this study, the changes in ...microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in the bone marrow of Beagle dogs were investigated by RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis.
Thirty-nine differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified in this study. Among these, four DEmiRNAs were identified at 24 h post-infection (hpi) and all were up-regulated; eight DEmiRNAs were identified with two up-regulated miRNAs and six down-regulated miRNAs at 96 hpi; 27 DEmiRNAs were identified with 13 up-regulated miRNAs and 14 down-regulated miRNAs at 36 days post-infection (dpi). Among these DEmiRNAs, cfa-miR-193b participates in the immune response by regulating the target gene cd22 at 24 hpi. The novel_328 could participate in the inflammatory and immune responses through regulating the target genes tgfb1 and tespa1, enhancing the immune response of the host and inhibiting the infection of T. canis at 96 hpi. In addition, cfa-miR-331 and novel_129 were associated with immune response and self-protection mechanisms at 36 dpi. 20 pathways were significantly enriched by KEGG pathway analysis, most of which were related to inflammatory response, immune response and cell differentiation, such as Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), ECM-receptor interaction and Focal adhesion.
These findings suggested that miRNAs of Beagle dog bone marrow play important roles in the pathogenesis of T. canis infection in dogs and provided useful resources to better understand the interaction between T. canis and the hosts.
In this study, we isolated an endophytic
Streptomyces
sp. strain, WP-1, from surface-sterilized barks of
Pinus dabeshanensis
, an endangered Chinese plant. WP-1 showed strong antifungal activity ...against diverse pathogenic fungi, such as
Fusarium oxysporum
,
Rhizoctonia solani
,
Phytophthora infestan
, and
Candida albicans
. Based on phylogenetic analyses, preliminary identification suggested that the WP-1 strain belonged to the genus
Streptomyces
. Column chromatogram and HPLC were employed to isolate the primary antifungal component from the culture medium of WP-1, and it was identified as the methylpentaene macrolide antibiotic, fungichromin (FC). In this study, for the first time, using in vitro bioassay studies, we revealed that FC strongly inhibited mycelial growth and conidia germination in
Fusarium oxysporum
. The median inhibitory concentration of FC was found to be 3.80 mg/L. The fermentation conditions of the WP-1 strain were further investigated to improve FC production. We found that supplementation of the synthetic medium with oils (soybean oil, oleic acid, and so on), particularly during the initial stage of fermentation, significantly increased the FC yield. Ammonium-trapping agent (magnesium phosphate) was used as an additive to increase FC yield to 5741.7 mg/L. It was 2.9-fold more as compared to the highest FC yield reported so far where
Streptomyces padanus
PMS-702 was used for FC production.
Key points
• Isolation and identification of a fungichromin-producing endophytic actinomycete WP-1 strain.
• Fungichromin production was significantly improved via oils and ammonium-trapping agents addition.
• Discovery of the antifungal activity of fungichromin against Fusarium oxysporum.
Ethylene‐insensitive proteins (EIN3/EIL) are a class of nuclear localization proteins with DNA‐binding activity. EIL is an important gene family in plants, and plays key roles in the ethylene ...signaling pathway which regulates a broad spectrum of plant growth and development, as well as defenses to various biological and abiotic stresses. Although genome‐wide analyses of EIL gene family has been carried out for several plant species, no comprehensive analysis of this family in Triticum aestivum L. has been reported so far. Furthermore, there are few scattered studies on the functions of EIL genes in wheat. It is necessary to comprehensively identify and analyze the EIL gene family in wheat. In this study, BLASTp were used to identify EIL genes in the lately released reference genome of T. aestivum. The 21 TaEIL genes were sought, which can be divided into three groups (a, b, and c) according to phylogenetic relationship. The nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates (Ka/Ks) value showed that three homologous pairs (TaEILb.4/TaEILb.6, TaEILa.8/TaEILa.7, and TaEILa.8/TaEILa.9) experienced strongly purifying selection. The remaining 16 homologous pairs underwent positive selection with an evolutionary acceleration. Analysis of gene structure and motif, protein features, and three‐dimensional structure showed that TaEILs were similar with EILs in other species such as Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. Homology analyses of EIL in T. aestivum and its progenitors showed that EIL gene discarded some redundant genes during the domestication evolution of T. aestivum and retained some useful genes. Gene expression patterns analyses and transient agro‐infiltration assays showed that group b and group c members of TaEIL were involved in the resistance to pathogen. Our study provides a new perspective for studying feature functions of TaEILs, and will help in revealing the regulatory network of wheat development and stress response, thus contributing to the improvement of molecular breeding of wheat quality traits.
Evaluation and prediction of displacement by specific models help in forecasting geo-hazards. Among the various available predictive tools, Least Square Support Vector Machines (LSSVM) model ...optimized with Genetic Algorithm, namely GA-LSSVM, is commonly used to empirically forecast landslide displacement due to its capability of processing non-linear complex systems. Another improved hybrid model composed of Double Exponential Smoothing (DES) and LSSVM considers measured displacement and precipitation time series to estimate the one-step ahead displacement evolution of rain-induced landslide. Here, the modelling process and accuracy of these two models are presented, and their predictive performances are evaluated by the root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), accuracy factor (AF), and correlation coefficient (R). A slowly-moving landslide on gently dipping rocky slope located in Sichuan Province of China was chosen as the case study for its deformation triggered by intense seasonal rainfall. The application results indicated that both GA-LSSVM and DES-LSSVM models were suitable for accurately predicting the landslide displacement on the basis of precipitation and displacement observations. Furthermore, comparison results show that DES-LSSVM model can provide the better predictive accuracy, with RMSE and MAPE values of 0.059mm and 0.004%, respectively.
•A hybrid model is proposed to predict displacement of rainfall-triggered landslide.•It includes Least Square Support Vector Machines and Double Exponential Smoothing.•Hodrick-Prescott filter decomposes displacement into periodic and trend components.•The models show high accuracy.
At small granularity (e.g., 10-minutes to hourly), expressway traffic volumes rely heavily on drivers' driving habits heterogeneity and decision randomness, making it challenging for accurate ...modeling. In this paper, we propose a small granularity simulation model named Small-Granularity Expressway Traffic Volumes with Quantum Walks (SGETV-QW). The proposed model adopts quantum walks to generate probability patterns of the exiting time of drivers from the expressway. Then, we refine and map the generated probability patterns to empirical traffic-volume data via a stepwise regression and quantify the modeling accuracy in both the time and frequency domain. We validate SGETV-QW for traffic volume data from seven stations along the Nanjing-Changzhou Expressway in China and compare it with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA) and Long and Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. The results show that SGETV-QW improves the simulation accuracy at small granularity. In addition, traffic volumes simulated by SGETV-QW have almost the same frequency spectrum as observed traffic volumes. Finally, we conduct a sensibility analysis and show that SGETV-QW can adapt its parameters to model traffic volumes at different granularities.
Enterocytozoon b
ieneusi
and
Blastocystis
may cause diarrhea in humans and various animals. However, little information is available regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity of
E. bieneusi
and
...Blastocystis
in donkeys. To fill this gap, we molecularly assessed
E. bieneusi
and
Blastocystis
in fecal samples from donkeys (
n
= 815) in Shanxi Province, north China. The overall prevalence of
E. bieneusi
and
Blastocystis
in donkeys was 8.1% and 0.2%, respectively. Region and age were risk factors associated with
E. bieneusi
infection in donkeys. Three internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes of
E. bieneusi
were identified in the current study, including two previously described genotypes (D and Henan-IV) and one novel genotype (named SXD1). Of which, genotype D was found to be the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the three genotypes belonged to group 1, implying a potential of zoonotic transmission. Multilocus sequence typing showed that 19, 15, 13, and 22 types were identified at the loci MS1, MS3, MS4, and MS7, respectively, forming six multilocus genotypes (MLGs) distributed in the genotype D. One
Blastocystis
subtype (ST33) was identified, which has previously been reported only in horses. This is the first molecular-based description of
E. bieneusi
and
Blastocystis
infections in donkeys in Shanxi Province, north China, contributing to a better understanding of transmission dynamics and molecular epidemiological characteristics of the two intestinal protozoa.
In this paper, an optimal signal control model was presented to minimize the traffic emissions on an arterial road. In order to solve the optimal model, an improved simulated annealing genetic ...algorithm (ISAGA) was utilized by integrating microscopic traffic flow model with vehicle emission model. For simplicity, three intersections on a signalized arterial road were taken into account. During the optimizing process, the traffic flow model and the emission model were embedded into ISAGA as a fitness-calculating module. Through the experimental simulation, the results indicate that the optimal signal timing of the multi-intersection was realized by minimizing the emissions of vehicles on the arterial road. Moreover, it is found that the improved simulated annealing genetic algorithm is effective in solving the optimization model.
•An optimal signal control model was presented to minimize the traffic emissions on an arterial road.•An improved simulated annealing genetic algorithm (ISAGA) was presented .•Microscopic traffic flow model and vehicle emission model was embedded into ISAGA.
Cryptosporidium
is a genus of single-celled protozoa, infecting a wide range of animals and humans. Although
Cryptosporidium
infections of cattle have been reported in some provinces in China, there ...is no available information on the prevalence and predominant species of
Cryptosporidium
in cattle in Jiangxi province. To investigate the prevalence of
Cryptosporidium
in cattle in Jiangxi province of China, 556 fecal samples were collected from eight farms in four cities and the SSU rRNA locus of
Cryptosporidium
was amplified from the DNA of each fecal sample by PCR. The overall prevalence of
Cryptosporidium
was 12.8% (71/556) in cattle in Jiangxi province, with 24.3% (54/222) in Nanchang city, 7.8% (13/166) in Gao’an city, 3.7% (4/108) in Xinyu city, and 0.0% (0/60) in Ji’an city. The differences of the prevalence rates by region, breed, and age groups were statistically significant. All positive PCR products of
Cryptosporidium
were successfully sequenced and identified as three
Cryptosporidium
species, namely
Cryptosporidium bovis
(1/556, 0.18%),
Cryptosporidium ryanae
(7/556, 1.3%), and
Cryptosporidium andersoni
(63/556, 11.3%). Furthermore, 36
C. andersoni
isolates were successfully classified into three MLST (multilocus sequence typing) subtypes based on four genetic loci (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS16). The predominant MLST subtype was A4, A4, A4, A1 (
n
= 30). These findings not only revealed the prevalence and predominant species of
Cryptosporidium
in cattle in Jiangxi province, but also provided a baseline for studying the genetic structure of
C. andersoni
, offering a novel resource for better understanding of the epidemiology of
Cryptosporidium
infection in cattle in Jiangxi province, southeastern China.
PDF
