In this article three poems, by Miguel Hernández, Manuel Altolaguirre and Antonio Machado written in support of the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War, are discussed and compared in light ...of Nye's thesis on 'soft power' and 'hard power'. Whiston shows that the exuberant imagery through which their message of mainly 'soft power', with some 'hard power' thrown in, is communicated, has enabled these political poems to transcend the anecdotal circumstances-an accident with dynamite, a man's death in action, a colonel's letter from the battle-front-which had inspired their composition.
Valera is often thought of as a very refined writer, with a decided interest in the loftier pursuits of metaphysics and religion, and given the subject matter of Pepita Jiménez, it is inevitable that ...theological and ecclesiastical issues surface in it. His novels, although noted for the rather high-minded tone of their discourse and ideas, also give due weight to the physical, earthly circumstances of the protagonists, as exemplified in this article by an analysis of Pepita Jiménez. The famous phrase 'laid in earth', adapted from Nahum Tate's libretto for Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, is applicable to the way in which Valera in Pepita Jiménez prepares us for its denouement. By presenting us from the beginning of the novel with examples from the physical world, of touching and kissing, and from social, cultural and sporting encounters that require physical involvement, Valera sows the seed for the commitment of the protagonists to a life grounded in the daily social round and in the earthly, and earthy, environment that they inhabit.
This work investigates the melting behaviour of iron ore with calcium-based fluxes, including lime, limestone and basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking slag. With an aim to explore the potential ...kinetic benefits that can be obtained through the formation of a liquid medium on the overall productivity of HIsarna. A HT-CLSM was used to rapidly heat and observation the interface between a given pair of chosen materials in-situ. Through this method, the rate at which the reaction progressed and the possible disruptive phenomenon that may occur was observed directly. The molten interface of fluxed materials is compared against each other offering insight into relative dissolution rate. Each flux shows promise of increasing ore fluidity to a varying degree with limestone generating above a 60% liquid fraction in the 1400°C reaction temperature.
Steel is under increasing pressure from governments and environmental groups to cut CO2 emissions. To fight this, a number of alternative ironmaking processes have been devised to replace the blast ...furnace (BF) ironmaking process in modern integrated steel plants. The blast furnace has been targeted, as it is the highest producer of greenhouse gases in the steel plant. This is due to the high use of coal as an active ingredient and the energy intensive processing of raw materials for use in the furnace such as coking ovens and sintering. Tata Steel Europe have been developing an alternative iron making plant called HIsarna that is a combination of two technologies: cyclone converter furnace and HIsmelt smelting reduction vessel. The trials have shown that the process can cut CO2 emissions drastically compared to the current BF ironmaking and has greater flexibility in the raw materials and energy used for the process. With the development of new processes, the issues that arise from new reactions means that new fundamental knowledge is needed to understand the certain phenomena in the. In this thesis, the interaction between iron ore and Ca-based materials (lime, limestone, and basic oxygen steelmaking slag) will be studied with an interest of these reactions occurring in the CCF. The process has seen issues of accretions building up in the region between the CCF and SRV, and requires a solution to dissuade the agglomeration of such accretions. The accretions found in the process were taken from the IJmuiden HIsarna pilot plant and analysed by examining the structure, composition, and thermal properties. The structure and porosity were examined with XCT and microscopy. The sample had two defined sections (dense and porous) with some microstructural aspects. The composition was detected by electron dispersal spectroscopy (EDS) and was used to study the chemistry of the accretion against the iron ore used in HIsarna. The thermal properties indicated the temperature at what temperature the material will be molten to understand and stop the accretion forming. The results allowed for the orientation of the accretion to be determined and theories on how the formation of the accretion. It shows that how the classic formation via alkalis of accretions found in a BF do not seem feasible due to the higher temperatures in the HIsarna. The interactions between iron ore and Ca-based materials were then conducted with the aim to show the benefits of doping the CCF with CaO to reduce the melting point of the ore to increase uidity. To increase HIsarna's flexibility of raw materials, three Ca-based fluxes (lime, limestone and BOF slag) were compared to show how they work in terms of reactivity and effectiveness in increasing the molten material. This was done with in situ experimentation and post experimental analysis of the flux-iron ore interface. The finding showed that limestone was the most reactive from the test with a high molten fraction and evidenced from SEM imaging. The BOF slag was also showed to be a potential source of fluxing material in the HIsarna process. Using BOF slag would help increase the environmental benefits to the process and industry as this promotes recycling of BOF slag produced in an integrated plant. Finally, the study progresses from small scale bulk reactions to a single particle reaction with a Ca based pellet (lime and limestone) to test likelihood of how the particles react in the CCF. This allowed for a more varied compositions of iron ore due to the heterogeneous nature of particles to be studies with higher content of impurities such as SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO. The test used a unique method implementing a sessile drop camera (SDC) with the high temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HT-CSLM) to obtain a two-plane in situ view of a particle interacting at high temperatures. The test showed that a high SiO2 content in the particle increased the melting point of a CaO-FeOx system. Al2O3/MgO also efxix effected the interaction negatively but by a smaller degree. The visualisation from two angles allowed the particle to be measured over a period of 60 s and allowed for a kinetic study of the interaction. This found that the composition of each particle had a greater effect on the rate of reaction rather than the shape, size, and temperature. It also provided further evidence of the increased activity of newly formed CaO from calcination of limestone.
Critics of Antonio Machados' final poems, his nine Spanish Civil War sonnets, have dismissed them as adding little to his previous poetry, and using excessive rhetoric. His own comments about them ...reveal that he made a conscious attempt to reflect the extraordinary circumstances. He intentionally chose the formality of the sonnet to express his emotions and ideas with greater clarity, and he was generally successful. The first eight sonnets were all written in Mar 1938, with four being personal and four political. The final sonnet expresses ultimate faith in Spain's renewal and integrity.
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