Low radio frequency solar observations using the Murchison Widefield Array have recently revealed the presence of numerous weak short-lived narrowband emission features, even during moderately quiet ...solar conditions. These nonthermal features occur at rates of many thousands per hour in the 30.72 MHz observing bandwidth, and hence necessarily require an automated approach for their detection and characterization. Here, we employ continuous wavelet transform using a mother Ricker wavelet for feature detection from the dynamic spectrum. We establish the efficacy of this approach and present the first statistically robust characterization of the properties of these features. In particular, we examine distributions of their peak flux densities, spectral spans, temporal spans, and peak frequencies. We can reliably detect features weaker than 1 SFU, making them, to the best of our knowledge, the weakest bursts reported in literature. The distribution of their peak flux densities follows a power law with an index of −2.23 in the 12-155 SFU range, implying that they can provide an energetically significant contribution to coronal and chromospheric heating. These features typically last for 1-2 s and possess bandwidths of about 4-5 MHz. Their occurrence rate remains fairly flat in the 140-210 MHz frequency range. At the time resolution of the data, they appear as stationary bursts, exhibiting no perceptible frequency drift. These features also appear to ride on a broadband background continuum, hinting at the likelihood of them being weak type-I bursts.
A systematic and automated search of the extensive GLIMPSE mid-infrared survey data of the inner Galaxy was carried out to uncover new star clusters. This search has yielded 59 new clusters. Using ...our automated search algorithm, these clusters were identified as significant localized overdensities in the GLIMPSE point-source catalog (GLMC) and archive (GLMA). Subsequent visual inspection of the GLIMPSE image mosaics confirmed the existence of these clusters plus an additional 33 heavily embedded clusters missed by our detection algorithm, for a total of 92 newly discovered clusters. These previously uncataloged clusters range in type from heavily embedded to fully exposed clusters. More than half of the clusters have memberships exceeding 35 stars, and nearly all the clusters have diameters of 3' or less. The Galactic latitude distribution of the clusters reveals that the majority are concentrated toward the Galactic midplane. There is an asymmetry in the number of clusters located above and below the midplane, with more clusters detected below the midplane. We also observe an asymmetry in the number of clusters detected in the northern and southern halves of the Galaxy, with more than twice as many clusters detected in the south.
We studied the growth of the shell-like radio structure of supernova SN 1993J in M 81 from September 1993 to October 2003 with very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at the wavelengths ...of 3.6, 6, and 18 cm. We developed a method to accurately determine the outer radius (R) of any circularly symmetric compact radio structure such as SN 1993J. The source structure of SN 1993J remains circularly symmetric (with deviations from circularity under 2%) over almost 4000 days. We characterize the decelerated expansion of SN 1993J until approximately day 1500 after explosion with an expansion parameter m = 0.845±0.005 (R $\propto$ $t^{m})$. However, from that day onwards the expansion differs when observed at 6 and 18 cm. Indeed, at 18 cm, the expansion can be well characterized by the same m as before day 1500, while at 6 cm the expansion appears more decelerated, and is characterized by another expansion parameter, m6 = 0.788±0.015. Therefore, since about day 1500 onwards, the radio source size has been progressively smaller at 6 cm than at 18 cm. These findings differ significantly from those of other authors in the details of the expansion. In our interpretation, the supernova expands with a single expansion parameter, m = 0.845±0.005, and the 6 cm results beyond day 1500 are caused by physical effects, perhaps also coupled to instrumental limitations. Two physical effects may be involved: (a) a changing opacity of the ejecta to the 6 cm radiation; and (b) a radial decrease of the magnetic field in the emitting region. We also found that at 6 cm about 80% of the radio emission from the backside of the shell behind the ejecta is absorbed (our average estimate, since we cannot determine any possible evolution of the opacity), and the width of the radio shell is (31±2)% of the outer radius. The shell width at 18 cm depends on the degree of assumed absorption. For 80% absorption, the width is (33.5±1.7)%, and for 100% absorption, it is (37.8±1.3)%. A comparison of our VLBI results with optical spectral line velocities shows that the deceleration is more pronounced in the radio than in the optical. This difference might be due to a progressive penetration of ejecta instabilities into the shocked circumstellar medium, as also suggested by other authors.
We present the first Murchison Widefield Array observations of the well-known cluster of galaxies Abell 3667 (A3667) between 105 and 241 MHz. A3667 is one of the best known examples of a galaxy ...cluster hosting a double radio relic and has been reported to contain a faint radio halo and bridge. The origin of radio haloes, relics and bridges is still unclear, however galaxy cluster merger seems to be an important factor. We clearly detect the north-west (NW) and south-east radio relics in A3667 and find an integrated flux density at 149 MHz of 28.1 ± 1.7 and 2.4 ± 0.1 Jy, respectively, with an average spectral index, between 120 and 1400 MHz, of −0.9 ± 0.1 for both relics. We find evidence of a spatial variation in the spectral index across the NW relic steepening towards the centre of the cluster, which indicates an ageing electron population. These properties are consistent with higher frequency observations. We detect emission that could be associated with a radio halo and bridge. However, due to the presence of poorly sampled large-scale Galactic emission and blended point sources we are unable to verify the exact nature of these features.
Two cases of rheumatoid meningitis Magaki, Shino; Chang, Edward; Hammond, Robert R. ...
Neuropathology,
February 2016, Letnik:
36, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the form of rheumatoid meningitis (RM) is rare and most commonly occurs in the setting of longstanding severe RA. Due to a ...wide range of clinical presentations and nonspecific laboratory findings, it presents a diagnostic challenge often requiring brain biopsy. Only a few histopathologically confirmed cases have been described in the literature. Our aim is to describe two cases of RM and review the literature. The first case is of a previously healthy 37‐year‐old man who presented with severe headaches and focal neurologic deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement in the left frontal and parietal sulci. The second case is of a 62‐year‐old woman with a history of mild chronic joint pain who presented with confusion, personality changes and seizures. Both patients ultimately underwent brain biopsy which demonstrated RM on pathologic examination. Administration of corticosteroids resulted in significant clinical improvement in both cases. To our knowledge, our unusual case of RM in the young man is the fifth reported case of rheumatoid meningitis in a patient with no prior history of RA. Such an atypical presentation makes diagnosis even more difficult and highlights the need for awareness of this entity in the diagnostic consideration of a patient presenting with unexplained neurologic symptoms. Our literature review underscores the clinical and pathologic heterogeneity of CNS involvement in RA.
Although the sexual transfer of genetic material between species (i.e. introgression) has been documented in many groups of plants and animals, genome-wide patterns of introgression are poorly ...understood. Is most of the genome permeable to interspecific gene flow, or is introgression typically restricted to a handful of genomic regions? Here, we assess the genomic extent and direction of introgression between three sunflowers from the south-central USA: the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus; a near-endemic to Texas, Helianthus debilis ssp. cucumerifolius; and their putative hybrid derivative, thought to have recently colonized Texas, H. annuus ssp. texanus. Analyses of variation at 88 genetically mapped microsatellite loci revealed that long-term migration rates were high, genome-wide and asymmetric, with higher migration rates from H. annuus texanus into the two parental taxa than vice versa. These results imply a longer history of intermittent contact between H. debilis and H. annuus than previously believed, and that H. annuus texanus may serve as a bridge for the transfer of alleles between its parental taxa. They also contradict recent theory suggesting that introgression should predominantly be in the direction of the colonizing species. As in previous studies of hybridizing sunflower species, regions of genetic differentiation appear small, whether estimated in terms of FST or unidirectional migration rates. Estimates of recent immigration and admixture were inconsistent, depending on the type of analysis. At the individual locus level, one marker showed striking asymmetry in migration rates, a pattern consistent with tight linkage to a Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility.
ABSTRACT We present deep polarimetric observations at 154 MHz with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), covering 625 deg2 centered on = 0hand δ = −27°. The sensitivity available in our deep ...observations allows an in-band, frequency-dependent analysis of polarized structure for the first time at long wavelengths. Our analysis suggests that the polarized structures are dominated by intrinsic emission but may also have a foreground Faraday screen component. At these wavelengths, the compactness of the MWA baseline distribution provides excellent snapshot sensitivity to large-scale structure. The observations are sensitive to diffuse polarized emission at ∼54′ resolution with a sensitivity of 5.9 mJy beam−1 and compact polarized sources at ∼2 4 resolution with a sensitivity of 2.3 mJy beam−1 for a subset (400 deg2) of this field. The sensitivity allows the effect of ionospheric Faraday rotation to be spatially and temporally measured directly from the diffuse polarized background. Our observations reveal large-scale structures (∼1°-8° in extent) in linear polarization clearly detectable in ∼2 minute snapshots, which would remain undetectable by interferometers with minimum baseline lengths of >110 m at 154 MHz. The brightness temperature of these structures is on average 4 K in polarized intensity, peaking at 11 K. Rotation measure synthesis reveals that the structures have Faraday depths ranging from −2 to 10 rad m−2 with a large fraction peaking at approximately +1 rad m−2. We estimate a distance of 51 20 pc to the polarized emission based on measurements of the in-field pulsar J2330-2005. We detect four extragalactic linearly polarized point sources within the field in our compact source survey. Based on the known polarized source population at 1.4 GHz and non-detections at 154 MHz, we estimate an upper limit on the depolarization ratio of 0.08 from 1.4 GHz to 154 MHz.
We present a Stokes I, Q and U survey at 189 MHz with the Murchison Widefield Array 32 element prototype covering 2400 deg{sup 2}. The survey has a 15.6 arcmin angular resolution and achieves a noise ...level of 15 mJy beam{sup -1}. We demonstrate a novel interferometric data analysis that involves calibration of drift scan data, integration through the co-addition of warped snapshot images, and deconvolution of the point-spread function through forward modeling. We present a point source catalog down to a flux limit of 4 Jy. We detect polarization from only one of the sources, PMN J0351-2744, at a level of 1.8% {+-} 0.4%, whereas the remaining sources have a polarization fraction below 2%. Compared to a reported average value of 7% at 1.4 GHz, the polarization fraction of compact sources significantly decreases at low frequencies. We find a wealth of diffuse polarized emission across a large area of the survey with a maximum peak of {approx}13 K, primarily with positive rotation measure values smaller than +10 rad m{sup -2}. The small values observed indicate that the emission is likely to have a local origin (closer than a few hundred parsecs). There is a large sky area at {alpha} {>=} 2{sup h}30{sup m} where the diffuse polarized emission rms is fainter than 1 K. Within this area of low Galactic polarization we characterize the foreground properties in a cold sky patch at ({alpha}, {delta}) = (4{sup h}, -27. Degree-Sign 6) in terms of three-dimensional power spectra.
ABSTRACT
Even though Parenting Capacity Assessments (PCAs) are essential for child protection services to support placement decisions for maltreating families, presently no evidence‐based PCA ...protocols are available. In this randomized controlled trial, we tested the quality of an attachment‐based PCA protocol based on Video‐feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline (VIPP‐SD). We recruited 56 parent‐child dyads (Mage children = 3.48 years) in Dutch family residential clinics that conduct PCAs to support placement decisions. After pretest, families were randomized to receive the Regular Assessment Procedure (RAP) (n = 28), or an additional assessment based on VIPP‐SD (n = 28). An immediate post‐test and a 10‐month follow‐up were conducted. Multilevel models showed that therapists felt equally confident about their recommendations regarding child placement for both groups and that they equally often modified their initial placement recommendations. Moreover, children in the VIPP‐SD group did not show fewer behavior problems and did not experience recurring child maltreatment less often than children in the RAP group. Thus, we found no evidence that PCAs incorporating the VIPP‐SD protocol outperformed PCAs as usual. We discuss possible explanations why in the current study VIPP‐SD did not seem to add to the quality of the RAP.
RESUMEN
A pesar de que las Evaluaciones de Capacidad de Crianza (PCA) son esenciales para los servicios de protección al niño para apoyar las decisiones de dónde colocarlo por razones de familias maltratadoras, en el presente no se encuentran disponibles ningún protocolo PCA basado en la evidencia. En este ensayo controlado al azar, pusimos a prueba la calidad de un protocolo PCA basado en la afectividad para lo cual nos basamos en la Intervención de Video Informativo para promover una Crianza Positiva y Disciplina Sensible (VIPP‐SD). Reclutamos 56 díadas de progenitor‐niño (edad promedio de los niños = 3.48 años) en clínicas residenciales de familias holandesas que utilizan las PCA para apoyar las decisiones de dónde colocar. Después del pre‐examen, las familias fueron asignadas al azar para recibir el Procedimiento de Evaluación Regular (RAP) (n = 28), o una evaluación adicional basada en VIPP‐SD (n = 28). Se llevaron a cabo un examen posterior inmediato y un seguimiento a los 10 meses. Los modelos de niveles múltiples mostraron que los terapeutas se sintieron igualmente confiados acerca de sus recomendaciones con respecto a dónde colocar al niño en ambos grupos y que ellos igualmente modificaron a menudo su recomendación inicial de dónde colocarlo. Es más, los niños en el grupo VIPP‐SD no mostraron menos problemas de conducta y no experimentaron maltrato infantil recurrente menos a menudo que los niños en el grupo RAP. Por tanto, no encontramos evidencia de que las PCA que incorporan el protocolo VIPP‐SD tuvieran mejores resultados que las PCA en su forma usual. Discutimos posibles explicaciones de por qué en el presente estudio los VIPP‐SD no parecieron agregar nada a la calidad de RAP.
RÉSUMÉ
Contexte: Des interventions favorables et ciblées pour les familles sont nécessaires afin d'optimiser l'ajustement parental et la relation parent‐bébé conformément à un diagnostic précédant de risque neurodéveloppemental pour les bébés. Buts: Le but de cette revue systématique était de déterminer l'efficacité des interventions pour l'amélioration de l'ajustement psychologique et le bien‐être pour les parents ayant un bébé ayant été diagnostiqué comme ayant ou étant à risque d'avoir un trouble neurodéveloppemental. Méthodes: La stratégie de recherche du Cochrane Review Group a été suivie avec une recherche des essais contrôlés du Registre Cochrane Central, de PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, et Embase entre juillet et décembre 2017. La qualité méthodologique des articles inclus a été évaluée au moyen de l’échelle de la base de données de preuve de physiothérapie (PEDro Physiotherapy Evidence Database) par deux évaluateurs indépendants. Résultats: Douze études ont rempli les critères d'inclusion. Un petit nombre d'essais de grande qualité ont révélé une efficacité modérée à importante de la réduction chez les parents de symptômes psychologiques indésirables de trauma et de stress des parents. Des améliorations importantes dans les symptômes de dépression et d'anxiété ont émergé lors de follow up post intervention à plus long terme (6 mois‐8 ans). Conclusions: On constate un soutien prometteur pour l'efficacité de certaines interventions à réduire les symptômes psychologiques de mésadaptation chez les parents avec des bébés diagnostiqués comme étant à risque d'un trouble neurodéveloppemental. D'autres ECR de qualité d'intervention psychologiques portant sur les conditions plus grandes de risque neurodéveloppemental sont nécessaires.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die Wirksamkeit einer bindungsbasierten Intervention zur Beurteilung der elterlichen Kapazitäten in Familien mit häuslicher Gewalt: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie
Eine Beurteilung der elterlichen Kapazitäten (Parenting Capacity Assessments; PCAs) ist für die Kinder‐ und Jugendhilfe unerlässlich, um Entscheidungen zur Unterbringung von Kindern zu treffen, die von häuslicher Gewalt betroffen sind. Trotzdem sind derzeit keine evidenzbasierten PCA‐Protokolle verfügbar. In dieser randomisierten kontrollierten Studie haben wir die Qualität eines bindungsbasierten PCA‐Protokolls untersucht, das auf einer Video‐Feedback‐Intervention basiert, um positive Erziehungskompetenz und sensibles Maßregeln (Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline; VIPP‐SD) zu fördern. Wir haben 56 Eltern‐Kind‐Dyaden (mittleres Alter der Kinder = 3,48 Jahre) in niederländischen Familienheimkliniken rekrutiert, in denen PCAs durchführt werden, um Entscheidungen zur Unterbringung von Kindern zu treffen. Nach dem Prä‐Test wurden die Familien randomisiert und erhielten entweder das reguläre Beurteilungsverfahren (Regular Assessment Procedure; RAP) (n = 28) oder eine zusätzliche Beurteilung basierend auf VIPP‐SD (n = 28). Nach der Beurteilung folgte ein sofortiger Post‐Test und nach 10 Monaten ein Follow‐up. Multilevel Modelle ergaben, dass sich die Therapeut_innen hinsichtlich ihrer Empfehlungen zur Unterbringung der Kinder in beiden Gruppen gleichermaßen sicher fühlten und dass sie ihre erste Unterbringungsempfehlungen gleichermaßen häufig revidierten. Darüber hinaus zeigten Kinder in der VIPP‐SD‐Gruppe nicht weniger Verhaltensprobleme und erlebten nicht seltener wiederkehrende Misshandlungen als Kinder in der RAP‐Gruppe. Daher fanden wir keine Hinweise darauf, dass PCAs, die das VIPP‐SD‐Protokoll enthalten, gegenüber den üblichen PCAs einen Vorteil haben. Mögliche Erklärungen, warum VIPP‐SD in der vorliegenden Studie die Qualität des RAP nicht zu verbessern schien, werden diskutiert.
抄録
虐待する家族の育児能力の評価におけるアタッチメントに基づく介入の効果:ランダム化比較試験
育児能力評価(PCAs) は、児童保護サービスにとって、虐待する家族に対しての 配置決定を裏付けるために必要不可欠であるが、現在エビデンスに基づくPCAプ ロトコルはない。本研究のランダム化比較試験において、我々は、“積極的な子 育てと繊細なしつけを促進するためのビデオ・フィードバック介入(VIPP‐SD)”を 基にしたアタッチメントに基づくPCAプロトコルの質をテストした。我々は、配 置決定を裏付けるPCAsを実施しているオランダの家族滞在クリニックで、56組の 親子 (子どもの平均年齢:3.48歳) を採用した。事前テスト後、家族は通常の評 価手順(RAP) (n = 28)を受けるか、VIPP‐SDを基にした追加の評価(n = 28)を受 けるかを、無作為に選ばれた。直後のテストと10ヶ月のフォローアップが実施さ れた。マルチレベルモデルは、セラピストが両グループとも子どもの配置に関す る自分たちの提案に等しく自信を感じていること、また自分達の最初の配置提案 を等しい頻度で変更していることを示していた。さらに、VIPP‐SD グループの子 ども達は、RAPグループの子ども達より、より少ない行動問題を示すということ はなく、またより少ない児童虐待の再発を体験しないということもなかった。以 上のように、VIPP‐SD プロトコルを取り入れたPCAs が、通常のPCAs より優れて いるという証拠は見られなかった。本研究においてVIPP‐SDがRAPの 質を向上さ せるように見られなかった理由について考えられる解釈を議論する。
摘要
尽管育儿能力评估 (PCAs) 对儿童保护服务至关重要, 以支持虐待型家庭的安置决策, 但目前还没有循证PCA方案。在这项随机对照试验中, 我们测试了基于“积极养育和敏感管教的视频反馈干预 (VIPP‐SD)”的PCA干预方案的质量。我们在荷兰家庭寄宿诊所招募了56对母婴 (儿童平均年龄 = 3.48) 进行PCAs以支持安置决策。经过预测试后, 家庭被随机分配以接受常规评估程序 (RAP) (n = 28), 或根据VIPP‐SD (n = 28) 进行额外评估。开展了一次即时后测和10个月随访。多层次模型显示, 治疗师对两组儿童安置的建议同样有信心, 而且他们同样经常修改最初的安置建议。此外, 与RAP组相比, VIPP‐SD组的儿童没有表现出更少的行为问题, 也没有经历反复的儿童虐待。因此, 我们没有发现任何证据表明, 采用VIPP‐SD方案的PCAs的质量优于常规PCAs。我们讨论了可能的解释, 为什么在目前的研究中VIPP‐SD似乎没有增加RAP的质量。
ملخص
التعلق وتنظيم الإجهاد عند الأطفال المحرومين اجتماعيا ً واقتصادياً: هل تقدم رعاية الأطفال العامة التعويض المطلوب؟
الأطفال الذين ينشأون في أسر تعاني من الحرمان الاجتماعي والاقتصادي (SED) هم أكثر عرضة للعجز في التعلق وتنظيم الإجهاد مقارنة بأقرانهم في الأسر ذات الموارد الاجتماعية والاقتصادية الأكثر. افترضت هذه الدراسة أن مقدمي الرعاية في الرعاية العامة للأطفال قد يساعدون هؤلاء الأطفال على التعويض. ولذلك قمنا بالتحقيق مع 60 طفلاً (30 طفل من الفئات المحرومة اجتماعيا واقتصاديا و30 طفل من الطبقة المتوسطة) وقيمنا تعلق الأطفال(AQS) بالأم ومقدم الرعاية الأولية في مراكز رعاية الطفل العامة. وعلاوة على ذلك، تم قياس إيقاع الكورتيزول اليومي للأطفال على أساس 12 عينة من اللعاب تؤخذ عبر ثلاثة أيام في الأسبوع. وأظهر الأطفال المحرومون درجات أقل على مقياسAQS مع أمهاتهم مقارنة بمقدمي الرعاية. بالمقارنة مع نظرائهم، أظهر الأطفال المحرومون أيضًا إفراز كورتيزول متزايد وملامح الكورتيزول التملقية التي تعكس أنشطةHPA العالية بشكل عام وقدرات أقل لتنظيم الإجهاد. وأبرزها ومع ذلك، ربط نمذجة المسار متعدد المستويات أعلى مستوى الرعايةAQS عشرات لخفض الإفراج الكورتيزول على مدار الأسبوع.
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