This paper identifies a practice turn in current strategy research, treating strategy as something people do. However, it argues that this turn is incomplete in that researchers currently concentrate ...either on strategy activity at the intra-organizational level or on the aggregate effects of this activity at the extra-organizational level. The paper proposes a framework for strategy research that integrates these two levels based on the three concepts of strategy praxis, strategy practices and strategy practitioners. The paper develops implications of this framework for research, particularly with regard to the impact of strategy practices on strategy praxis, the creation and transfer of strategy practices and the making of strategy practitioners. The paper concludes by outlining the distinctive emphases of the practice perspective within the strategy discipline.
Emerging diseases pose a recurrent threat to bivalve aquaculture. Recently, massive mortality events in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas associated with the detection of a microvariant of the ...ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1µVar) have been reported in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Although the spread of disease is often viewed as a governance failure, we suggest that the development of protective measures for bivalve farming is presently held back by the lack of key scientific knowledge. In this paper, we explore the case for an integrated approach to study the management of bivalve disease, using OsHV-1 as a case study. Reconsidering the key issues by incorporating multidisciplinary science could provide a holistic understanding of OsHV-1 and increase the benefit of research to policymakers.
•As with previous research findings relating to the direction of the relationship between burnout and empathy were not unanimous.•Only one of the ten studies included in the review supported a ...positive correlation between burnout and empathy.•Eight studies reported a negative relationship between burnout and empathy.•Studies included in this review satisfied all of the quality assessment criteria.•Burnout is supported as a cross cultural construct.
Empathy and burnout are two related yet distinct constructs that are relevant to clinical healthcare staff. The nature of their relationship is uncertain and this review aimed to complete a rigorous, systematic exploration of the literature investigating the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare staff.
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance.
Search terms (Burnout OR Burn-out OR “Burn out”) AND (Empathy OR Empath*) enabled identification of studies investigating burnout and empathy in healthcare staff, using five electronic data bases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, PubMed, and SCOPUS). Manual searching amongst reference lists of eligible articles was also completed.
Databases were searched for studies published in the English language, from inception to February 2017. Key inclusion criteria were: 1) participants who were nurses or medical professionals, 2) full written manuscript in English, 3) use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory to assess burnout and a standardized outcome measure for empathy, 4) quantitative methodology exclusively.
Ten eligible studies were reviewed. Of those, seven were conducted in countries where English was not the first language. Eight of the studies provided empirical support for a negative relationship between empathy and burnout. One study provided support for a positive relationship between burnout and empathy. One study reported contradictory evidence with positive and negative correlations between different subscales of the empathy and burnout measures. In general, the quality of the studies was assessed to be good. However, some of the studies failed to provide information pertaining to sample size, with the reporting of data less than adequate from one study.
There was consistent evidence for a negative association between burnout and empathy. This review avoided a common English-speaking country bias of some areas of the literature. Given that all of the studies reviewed were cross sectional, further research is necessary to establish causality.
Marine herpesviruses are responsible for epizootics in economically, ecologically and culturally significant taxa. The recent emergence of microvariants of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in Pacific ...oysters Crassostrea gigas has resulted in socioeconomic losses in Europe, New Zealand and Australia however, there is no information on their origin or mode of transmission. These factors need to be understood because they influence the way the disease may be prevented and controlled. Mortality data obtained from experimental populations of C. gigas during natural epizootics of OsHV-1 disease in Australia were analysed qualitatively. In addition we compared actual mortality data with those from a Reed-Frost model of direct transmission and analysed incubation periods using Sartwell's method to test for the type of epizootic, point source or propagating. We concluded that outbreaks were initiated from an unknown environmental source which is unlikely to be farmed oysters in the same estuary. While direct oyster-to-oyster transmission may occur in larger oysters if they are in close proximity (< 40 cm), it did not explain the observed epizootics, point source exposure and indirect transmission being more common and important. A conceptual model is proposed for OsHV-1 index case source and transmission, leading to endemicity with recurrent seasonal outbreaks. The findings suggest that prevention and control of OsHV-1 in C. gigas will require multiple interventions. OsHV-1 in C. gigas, which is a sedentary animal once beyond the larval stage, is an informative model when considering marine host-herpesvirus relationships.
Community Mental Health Team (CMHT) staff are vulnerable to burnout and compassion fatigue, which has implications for service-user care and recovery outlook. Burnout itself is increased when ...professionals perceive there is low congruence between themselves and their job.
The aim of this study is to identify how person-job congruence is associated with compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction, and how these in turn relate to staff recovery attitudes.
A cross-sectional survey of 132 CMHT staff, utilising the Areas of Worklife Scale, Professional Quality of Life Scale and Recovery Knowledge Inventory.
Multiple regression analysis revealed negative associations between "Workload" congruence and Secondary Traumatic Stress (p = 0.001). Low congruence in "Workload" (p = <0.001) "Reward" (p = 0.005) and "Values" (p = 0.005) were associated with increased Burnout. "Workload" congruence was positively associated with Compassion Satisfaction (p = 0.041). Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue were not significantly associated with recovery attitude.
Interventions to address Compassion Fatigue are indicated to target: workloads, rewards, and aligning organisational and personal values. Further research is needed to explore predictors of compassion satisfaction and recovery attitude.
Display omitted
•OsHV-1 DNA detected in the hemolymph and tissues of apparently healthy oysters.•Non-lethal hemolymph sampling method allows for repeated sampling of same oysters.•OsHV-1 DNA ...detection in hemolymph equivalent to that in gill and mantle samples.•Prevalence highest after the first season of OsHV-1 exposure, but then declined.•Healthy oysters that survive outbreak may not be major reservoir host for OsHV-1.
Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microvariants (OsHV-1) cause severe mortalities in farmed Crassostrea gigas in Europe, New Zealand and Australia. Outbreaks are seasonal, recurring in the warmer months of the year in endemic estuaries. The reference genotype and microvariant genotypes of OsHV-1 have been previously detected in the tissues of apparently healthy adult oysters naturally exposed to OsHV-1 in the field. However, the role of such oysters as reservoirs of infection for subsequent mortality outbreaks remains unclear. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the optimal sample type to use for the detection of OsHV-1 DNA in apparently healthy C. gigas; and (2) to assess whether live C. gigas maintained on-farm after an OsHV-1 related mortality event remain infected and could act as a reservoir host for subsequent outbreaks. OsHV-1 DNA was detected in the hemolymph, gill, mantle, adductor muscle, gonad and digestive gland of apparently healthy adult oysters. The likelihood of detecting OsHV-1 DNA in hemolymph was equivalent to that in gill and mantle, but the odds of detecting OsHV-1 DNA in hemolymph and gill were more than 8 times that of adductor muscle. Gill had the highest viral loads. Compared to testing whole gill homogenates, testing snippets of the gill improved the detection of OsHV-1 DNA by about four fold. The prevalence of OsHV-1 in gill and mantle was highest after the first season of OsHV-1 exposure; it then declined to low or negligible levels in the same cohorts in subsequent seasons, despite repeated seasonal exposure in monitoring lasting up to 4years. The hemolymph of individually identified oysters was repeatedly sampled over 15months, and OsHV-1 prevalence declined over that time frame in the youngest cohort, which had been exposed to OsHV-1 for the first time at the start of that season. In contrast, the prevalence in two cohorts of older oysters, which had been exposed to OsHV-1 in prior seasons, was consistently low (<10%). Viral loads were <104 DNA copies per mg tissue or μL hemolymph, suggesting that OsHV-1 was not being maintained at or amplified to high quantities. Therefore, while OsHV-1 may persist within apparently healthy oysters that have survived an outbreak of disease, they may not be a major reservoir host for the virus for subsequent outbreaks. However, further investigation is required to ascertain whether OsHV-1 replication occurs in surviving oysters, and whether transmission from them to naive oysters and induction of clinical disease is possible.
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a global burden for livestock producers and has an association with Crohn's disease in humans. Within MAP ...there are two major lineages, S/Type I/TypeIII and C/Type II, that vary in phenotype including culturability, host preference and virulence. These lineages have been identified using the IS1311 element, which contains a conserved, single nucleotide polymorphism. IS1311 and the closely related IS1245 element belong to the IS256 family of insertion sequences, are dispersed throughout M. avium taxa but remain poorly characterised. To investigate the distribution and diversity of IS1311 in MAP, 805 MAP genomes were collated from public databases. IS1245 was absent, while IS1311 sequence, copy number and insertion loci were conserved between MAP S lineages and varied within the MAP C lineage. One locus was specific to the S strains, which contained nine IS1311 copies. In contrast, C strains contained either seven or eight IS1311 loci. Most insertion loci were associated with the boundaries of homologous regions that had undergone genome rearrangement between the MAP lineages, suggesting that this sequence may be a driver of recombination. Phylogenomic geographic clustering of MAP subtypes was demonstrated for the first time, at continental scale, and indicated that there may have been recent MAP transmission between Europe and North America, in contrast to Australia where importation of live ruminants is generally prohibited. This investigation confirmed the utility of IS1311 typing in epidemiological studies and resolved anomalies in past studies. The results shed light on potential mechanisms of niche/host adaptation, virulence of MAP and global transmission dynamics.
In 2010 Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) was detected in Australia and had a disastrous impact on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas aquaculture and coastal communities. The acronym POMS (Pacific Oyster ...Mortality Syndrome) was created in Australia to refer to mass mortalities due to OsHV-1. While management of this disease mainly involves active surveillance, rigorous biosecurity protocols and mollusc breeding programs targeting production of resistant animals, the effects of aquaculture practices on mortality outbreaks are still poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the effect of growing heights on OsHV-1 associated mortality in C. gigas in Woolooware Bay (Australia) during the summer 2011/2012. Growing height influences the immersion time of inter-tidally cultivated oysters during each tide cycle, and could be an important risk factor for OsHV-1 exposure and mortality. Pacific oysters of different ages (2 and 12month) were placed in intertidal rearing structures at three different sites in the bay. Mortality and growth rates, infection prevalence and seawater parameters (temperature and salinity) were monitored over 7months. The outbreak started in November 2011 and mortalities were observed until late April 2012. The pattern of disease expression was time and site dependent as the mortalities started immediately after infection with OsHV-1 at two of the three sites, while the infection preceded the onset of mortality by two months at the third site. No clear difference in salinity or temperature of water was observed among sites suggesting that other environmental features influence the onset of the disease. Extreme mortalities were observed in the younger class of oysters, while the modification of growing height led to a significant increase in survival of adult oysters. Infection prevalence and intensity decreased in surviving oysters suggesting that some individuals may be able to clear the virus. Differences in mortality among sites and growing heights are discussed in relation to OsHV-1 infection intensity and prevalence in oysters, and the environmental data recorded during the outbreak.
•Aquaculture practices were tested to reduce OsHV-1 associated mortality.•A replicated randomized design was used to test the effect of growing height.•Mortalities of 12month old oysters were significantly reduced at high height.•The presence of OsHV-1 alone is not sufficient to cause mass mortality.•Unknown environmental and/or biological factors influence the onset of the disease.
•A relatively low diversity of OsHV-1 genotypes was found in Australia.•Distinct OsHV-1 genotypes were geographically clustered in estuaries.•Australian OsHV-1 genotypes grouped in a globally ...distinct cluster.•Australian POMS outbreaks were not due to OsHV-1 microvariants.
Since 2010, mass mortality events known as Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (POMS) have occurred in Crassostrea gigas in Australia associated with Ostreid herpesvirus 1. The virus was thought to be an OsHV-1 µVar or “microvariant”, i.e. one of the dominant variants associated with POMS in Europe, but there are few data to characterize the genotype in Australia. Consequently, the genetic identity and diversity of the virus was determined to understand the epidemiology of the disease in Australia. Samples were analysed from diseased C. gigas over five summer seasons between 2011 and 2016 in POMS-affected estuaries: Georges River in New South Wales (NSW), Hawkesbury River (NSW) and Pitt Water in Tasmania. Sequencing was attempted for six genomic regions. Numerous variants were identified among these regions (n = 100 isolates) while twelve variants were identified from concatenated nucleotide sequences (n = 61 isolates). Nucleotide diversity of the seven genotypes of C region among Australian isolates (Pi 0.99 × 10−3) was the lowest globally. All Australian isolates grouped in a cluster distinct from other OsHV-1 isolates worldwide. This is the first report that Australian outbreaks of POMS were associated with OsHV-1 distinct from OsHV-1 reference genotype, µVar and other microvariants from other countries. The findings illustrate that microvariants are not the only variants of OsHV-1 associated with mass mortality events in C. gigas. In addition, there was mutually exclusive spatial clustering of viral genomic and amino acid sequence variants between estuaries, and a possible association between genotype/amino acid sequence and the prevalence and severity of POMS, as this differed between these estuaries. The sequencing findings supported prior epidemiological evidence for environmental reservoirs of OsHV-1 for POMS outbreaks in Australia.
PDF
