Plants often adapt to adverse conditions via differential growth, whereby limited resources are discriminately allocated to optimize the growth of one organ at the expense of another. Little is known ...about the decision-making processes that underly differential growth. In this study, we developed a screen to identify decision making mutants by deploying two tools that have been used in decision theory: a well-defined yet limited budget, as well as conflict-of-interest scenarios. A forward genetic screen that combined light and water withdrawal was carried out. This identified BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) alleles as decision mutants with "confused" phenotypes. An assessment of organ and cell length suggested that hypocotyl elongation occurred predominantly via cellular elongation. In contrast, root growth appeared to be regulated by a combination of cell division and cell elongation or exit from the meristem. Gain- or loss- of function bin2 mutants were most severely impaired in their ability to adjust cell geometry in the hypocotyl or cell elongation as a function of distance from the quiescent centre in the root tips. This study describes a novel paradigm for root growth under limiting conditions, which depends not only on hypocotyl-versus-root trade-offs in the allocation of limited resources, but also on an ability to deploy different strategies for root growth in response to multiple stress conditions.
The volume sheds light on various chapters in the long and multifaceted history of Protestant-Jewish relations, from the Reformation to the present. Going beyond theological questions to the areas of ...philosophy, music, sociology, and language, it showcases current trends in present-day scholarship and opens up directions for research on this intricate topic, which bears both historical significance and evident relevance to our own time.
Summary
Transport Protein Particle II (TRAPPII) is essential for exocytosis, endocytosis, protein sorting and cytokinesis. In spite of a considerable understanding of its biological role, little ...information is known about Arabidopsis TRAPPII complex topology and molecular function. In this study, independent proteomic approaches initiated with TRAPP components or Rab‐A GTPase variants converge on the TRAPPII complex. We show that the Arabidopsis genome encodes the full complement of 13 TRAPPC subunits, including four previously unidentified components. A dimerization model is proposed to account for binary interactions between TRAPPII subunits. Preferential binding to dominant negative (GDP‐bound) versus wild‐type or constitutively active (GTP‐bound) RAB‐A2a variants discriminates between TRAPPII and TRAPPIII subunits and shows that Arabidopsis complexes differ from yeast but resemble metazoan TRAPP complexes. Analyzes of Rab‐A mutant variants in trappii backgrounds provide genetic evidence that TRAPPII functions upstream of RAB‐A2a, allowing us to propose that TRAPPII is likely to behave as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the RAB‐A2a GTPase. GEFs catalyze exchange of GDP for GTP; the GTP‐bound, activated, Rab then recruits a diverse local network of Rab effectors to specify membrane identity in subsequent vesicle fusion events. Understanding GEF−Rab interactions will be crucial to unravel the co‐ordination of plant membrane traffic.
Significance Statement
The Arabidopsis proteome contains two distinct sets of TRAPP subunits, the first of which resembles metazoan TRAPPII, preferentially binds RAB‐A2a, and may act as a Guanosine Exchange Factor (GEF) for the TGN‐associated Rab‐A2 subclade of GTPases. The second set of TRAPP subunits resembles metazoan TRAPPIII and preferentially binds the vacuolar GTPase RAB‐G3f over RAB‐A2a, indicating that TRAPPIII may mediate degradative trafficking routes whilst TRAPPII mediates biosynthetic routes.
Die ,,Europäisch-jüdischen Studien" repräsentieren die interdisziplinär vernetzte Kompetenz des neuen ,,Zentrums Jüdische Studien Berlin-Brandenburg" (ZJS). Das Zentrum versammelt die wichtigsten ...Institutionen dieser Region, die sich mit Jüdischen Studien befassen - darunter die einschlägigen Universitäten und Einrichtungen in Berlin und Potsdam. Der interdisziplinäre Charakter der Reihe zielt insbesondere auf geschichts-, geistes- und kulturwissenschaftliche Ansätze sowie auf intellektuelle, politische und religiöse Grundfragen, die jüdisches Leben und Denken heute inspirieren und in der Vergangenheit beeinflusst haben. In den BEITRÄGEN werden exzellente Monographien und Sammelbändezum gesamten Themenspektrum Jüdischer Studien veröffentlicht. Die Reihe ist peer-reviewed. In den KONTROVERSEN werden grundlegende Debatten aufgenommen, die von zeitgenössischer und publizistischer Relevanz sind. Die Reihe ist peer-reviewed. In den EDITIONEN werden Werke herausragender jüdischer Autoren neu aufgelegt.
Religiöse Vielfalt mitsamt ihren destruktiven und bereichernden Elementen gehört weltweit mehr denn je zur Signatur der Lebenswelt gegenwärtiger Gesellschaften. Interreligiöse Kommunikation ist daher ...ein dialogischer Imperativ, von dem die friedliche Koexistenz religiöser Gemeinschaften in der jeweiligen Gesellschaft oder ganzer benachbarter Kulturen abhängt. Im Zentrum des Bandes steht die - im Zusammenspiel theologischer, religionswissenschaftlicher und -philosophischer, soziologischer sowie erziehungs- und medienwissenschaftlicher Perspektiven zu führende - Auseinandersetzung mit der höchst aktuellen Frage nach den Bedingungen und Grenzen des konstruktiven Umgangs mit religiöser Pluralität und Differenz. Die Beiträge bieten unterschiedliche theoretische Zugänge sowie historische, religionswissenschaftliche und pädagogische Fallbeispiele. Sie sollen helfen, die Bedingungen und Potentiale einer kommunikativen Praxis zu diskutieren, die von der berechtigten Vielstimmigkeit einander widerstreitender Wahrheits- und Geltungsansprüche ausgeht und dazu befähigt, religiöse Differenz anzuerkennen und ihr mit Achtung zu begegnen, ohne den eigenen Standpunkt im Interesse eines rein konsensorientierten Dialogs zu verschweigen.
Aromatic C-H bond hydroxylation of 1-methoxynaphthalene was efficiently catalyzed by the substrate misrecognition system of the hydrogen peroxide dependent cytochrome P450BSβ (CYP152A1), which ...usually catalyzes hydroxylation of long-alkyl-chain fatty acids. Very importantly, the hydroxylation of 1-methoxynaphthalene can be monitored by a color change since the formation of 4-methoxy-1-naphthol was immediately followed by its further oxidation to yield Russig's blue. Russig's blue formation allows us to estimate the peroxygenation activity of enzymes without the use of high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements.
The imaging of σ1 receptors in the brain by fluorinated radiotracers will be used for the validation of σ1 receptors as drug targets as well as for differential diagnosis of diseases in the central ...nervous system. The biotransformation of four homologous fluorinated PET tracers 1′‐benzyl‐3‐(ω‐fluoromethyl to ω‐fluorobutyl)‐3H‐spiro2benzofuran‐1,4′‐piperidine (18F1–4) was investigated. In silico studies using fast metabolizer (FAME) software, electrochemical oxidations, in vitro studies with rat liver microsomes, and in vivo metabolism studies after application of the PET tracers 18F1–4 to mice were performed. Combined liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS) analysis allowed structural identification of non‐radioactive metabolites. Radio‐HPLC and radio‐TLC provided information about the presence of unchanged parent radiotracers and their radiometabolites. Radiometabolites were not found in the brain after application of 18F2–4, but liver, plasma, and urine samples contained several radiometabolites. Less than 2 % of the injected dose of 18F4 reached the brain, rendering 18F4 less appropriate as a PET tracer than 18F2 and 18F3. Compounds 18F2 and 18F3 possess the most promising properties for imaging of σ1 receptors in the brain. High σ1 affinity (Ki=0.59 nm), low lipophilicity (logD7.4=2.57), high brain penetration (4.6 % of injected dose after 30 min), and the absence of radiometabolites in the brain favor the fluoroethyl derivative 18F2 slightly over the fluoropropyl derivative 18F3 for human use.
Taking a close look: The biotransformation of a homologous series of fluoroalkyl‐substituted σ1 receptor ligands designed as PET tracers was investigated at different levels: in silico using FAME software, electrochemically, in vitro, and in vivo. Electrochemical oxidation and in vitro studies with rat liver microsomes combined with LC–MS analysis allowed identification of the metabolite structure. The nature and amount of radiometabolites in various tissues were analyzed by radio‐HPLC and radio‐TLC after application of the 18F‐labeled PET tracers to mice.
Reappraisals and New Studies of the Modern Jewish Experience provides a variety of new perspectives on several central questions in Jewish intellectual, social, and religious history from the ...eighteenth century to the present.
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