Few issues have engaged sports scholars more than those of race and ethnicity. Today, globalization and migration mean all major sports leagues include players from around the globe, bringing into ...play a complex mix of racial, ethnic, cultural, political and geographical factors. These complexities have been examined from many angles by historians, sociologists, anthropologists and scientists. This is the first book to offer a comprehensive survey of the full sweep of approaches to the study of sport, race and ethnicity. The Routledge Handbook of Sport, Race and Ethnicity makes a substantial contribution to scholarship, presenting a collection of international case studies that map the most important developments in the field. Multi-disciplinary in its approach, it engages with a wide range of disciplines including history, politics, sociology, philosophy, science and gender studies. It draws upon the latest cutting-edge research to address key issues such as racism, integration, globalisation, development and management.
Written by a world-class team of sports scholars, this book is essential reading for all students, researchers and policy-makers with an interest in sports studies.
BACKGROUND
Stomach cancer was a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths early in the 20th century and has steadily declined over the last century in the United States. Although incidence and death ...rates are now low, stomach cancer remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in black, Asian and Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations.
METHODS
Data from the CONCORD‐2 study were used to analyze stomach cancer survival among males and females aged 15 to 99 years who were diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival analyses were corrected for background mortality using state‐specific and race‐specific (white and black) life tables and age‐standardized using the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Net survival is presented up to 5 years after diagnosis by race (all, black, and white) for 2001 through 2003 and 2004 through 2009 to account for changes in collecting Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000 data from 2004.
RESULTS
Almost one‐third of stomach cancers were diagnosed at a distant stage among both whites and blacks. Age‐standardized 5‐year net survival increased between 2001 to 2003 and 2004 to 2009 (26.1% and 29%, respectively), and no differences were observed by race. The 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year survival estimates were 53.1%, 33.8%, and 29%, respectively. Survival improved in most states. Survival by stage was 64% (local), 28.2% (regional), and 5.3% (distant).
CONCLUSIONS
The current results indicate high fatality for stomach cancer, especially soon after diagnosis. Although improvements in stomach cancer survival were observed, survival remained relatively low for both blacks and whites. Primary prevention through the control of well‐established risk factors would be expected to have the greatest impact on further reducing deaths from stomach cancer. Cancer 2017;123:4994‐5013. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
In this analysis of stomach cancer survival for 80% of the US population, age‐standardized 5‐year net survival remains low, but it improved slightly between 2001‐2003 and 2004‐2009. The differences between blacks and whites in pooled 5‐year survival for 37 states combined are not large. Primary prevention through control of well‐established risk factors will be an important public health action for the longer term.
We used improved data on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) ancestry to provide an updated and comprehensive description of cancer mortality and incidence among AI/AN populations from 1990 to ...2009.
We linked the National Death Index and central cancer registry records independently to the Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registration database to improve identification of AI/AN persons in cancer mortality and incidence data, respectively. Analyses were restricted to non-Hispanic persons residing in Contract Health Service Delivery Area counties in 6 geographic regions of the United States. We compared age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates for AI/AN populations with White populations using rate ratios and mortality-to-incidence ratios. Trends were described using joinpoint analysis.
Cancer mortality and incidence rates for AI/AN persons compared with Whites varied by region and type of cancer. Trends in death rates showed that greater progress in cancer control was achieved for White populations compared with AI/AN populations over the last 2 decades.
Spatial variations in mortality and incidence by type of cancer demonstrated both persistent and emerging challenges for cancer control in AI/AN populations.
Cancer incidence rates for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations vary by geographic region in the United States. The purpose of this study is to examine cancer incidence rates and ...trends in the AI/AN population compared with the non-Hispanic white population in the United States for the years 2010 to 2015.
Cases diagnosed during 2010 to 2015 were identified from population-based cancer registries and linked with the Indian Health Service (IHS) patient registration databases to describe cancer incidence rates in non-Hispanic AI/AN persons compared with non-Hispanic whites (whites) living in IHS purchased/referred care delivery area counties. Age-adjusted rates were calculated for the 15 most common cancer sites, expressed per 100,000 per year. Incidence rates are presented overall as well as by region. Trends were estimated using joinpoint regression analyses.
Lung and colorectal cancer incidence rates were nearly 20% to 2.5 times higher in AI/AN males and nearly 20% to nearly 3 times higher in AI/AN females compared with whites in the Northern Plains, Southern Plains, Pacific Coast, and Alaska. Cancers of the liver, kidney, and stomach were significantly higher in the AI/AN compared with the white population in all regions. We observed more significant decreases in cancer incidence rates in the white population compared with the AI/AN population.
Findings demonstrate the importance of examining cancer disparities between AI/AN and white populations. Disparities have widened for lung, female breast, and liver cancers.
These findings highlight opportunities for targeted public health interventions to reduce AI/AN cancer incidence.
Kobe Bryant was an extraordinarily gifted athlete who enjoyed a long and remarkable basketball career. Entering the National Basketball Association directly out of Lower Merion High School (PA) in ...1996, Bryant played his entire 20-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers. He helped lead the Lakers to five league championships, became the first player in league history to score over 30,000 points and collect 6000 assists, was selected 12 times to the league’s All-Defensive Team, was twice the league’s scoring champion, and 18 times was chosen as an NBA All-Star. Importantly, in contrast to some athletes who have difficulties in transitioning out of sport, Bryant seemingly had no such problems as he embarked on a highly successful post-athletic career that witnessed his involvement in successful business ventures, important charity work, and a host of meaningful educational and entrepreneurial activities. By all accounts, he had settled into a life that was marked by much satisfaction and a commitment to helping care for the needs of underserved and under privileged communities. This essay not only details the many important initiatives that occupied Bryant’s time during a post-athletic career tragically cut short in 2020, but assesses factors involved in his apparently seamless transition from basketball icon deluged with constant media attention and adulation to private citizen intent on doing good works.
Sport and the Color Line Miller, Patrick B; Wiggins, David K
2004, 20040601, 2003, 2004-06-01, 20040101
eBook
The year 2003 marks the one-hundredth anniversary of W.E.B. Du Bois' "Souls of Black Folk," in which he declared that "the color line" would be the problem of the twentieth century. Half a century ...later, Jackie Robinson would display his remarkable athletic skills in "baseball's great experiment." Now, "Sport and the Color Line" takes a look at the last century through the lens of sports and race, drawing together articles by many of the leading figures in Sport Studies to address the African American experience and the history of race relations. The history of African Americans in sport is not simple, and it certainly did not begin in 1947 when Jackie Robinson first donned a Brooklyn Dodgers uniform. The essays presented here examine the complexity of black American sports culture, from the organization of semi-pro baseball and athletic programs at historically black colleges and universities, to the careers of individual stars such as Jack Johnson and Joe Louis, to the challenges faced by black women in sports. What are today's black athletes doing in the aftermath of desegregation, or with the legacy of Muhammad Ali's political stance? The essays gathered here engage such issues, as well as the paradoxes of corporate sport and the persistence of scientific racism in the athletic realm.
BACKGROUND.
The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate ...annually to provide updated information on cancer occurrence and trends in the U.S. The 2007 report features a comprehensive compilation of cancer information for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN).
METHODS.
Cancer incidence data were available for up to 82% of the U.S. population. Cancer deaths were available for the entire U.S. population. Long‐term (1975 through 2004) and fixed‐interval (1995 through 2004) incidence and mortality trends were evaluated by annual percent change using regression analyses (2‐sided P < .05). Cancer screening, risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, incidence data, and stage were compiled for non‐Hispanic whites (NHW) and AI/AN across 6 regions of the U.S.
RESULTS.
Overall cancer death rates decreased by 2.1% per year from 2002 through 2004, nearly twice the annual decrease of 1.1% per year from 1993 through 2002. Among men and women, death rates declined for most cancers. Among women, lung cancer incidence rates no longer were increasing and death rates, although they still were increasing slightly, were increasing at a much slower rate than in the past. Breast cancer incidence rates in women decreased 3.5% per year from 2001 to 2004, the first decrease observed in 20 years. Colorectal cancer incidence and death rates and prostate cancer death rates declined, with colorectal cancer death rates dropping more sharply from 2002 through 2004. Overall, rates for AI/AN were lower than for NHW from 1999 through 2004 for most cancers, but they were higher for cancers of the stomach, liver, cervix, kidney, and gallbladder. Regional analyses, however, revealed high rates for AI/AN in the Northern and Southern Plains and Alaska. For cancers of the breast, colon and rectum, prostate, and cervix, AI/AN were less likely than NHW to be diagnosed at localized stages.
CONCLUSIONS.
For all races/ethnicities combined in the U.S., favorable trends in incidence and mortality were noted for lung and colorectal cancer in men and women and for breast cancer in women. For the AI/AN population, lower overall cancer incidence and death rates obscured important variations by geographic regions and less favorable healthcare access and socioeconomic status. Enhanced tobacco control and cancer screening, especially in the Northern and Southern Plains and Alaska, emerged as clear priorities. Cancer 2007;110:2119–52. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society.
The American Cancer Society, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries collaborate annually to provide updated information on cancer occurrence and trends in the U.S. The 2007 report features a comprehensive compilation of cancer information for American Indians and Alaska Natives.
Charles Holston Williams, a long-time faculty member at Hampton Institute, the historically black college and university founded by the American Missionary Association that trained both African ...American and Native American students, had an enduring career and a significant impact on higher education for minority groups. A native of Kentucky and alumnus of Hampton Institute who took an undergraduate degree in physical education from Springfield College and master's degree in education from Harvard University, Williams directed the physical education and athletic programs at Hampton Institute and established the legendary Hampton Institute Creative Dance Group. He was also one of the co-founders of the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association, was an author of books and articles on sport and related topics, and president and manager of the popular Bayshore Resort. These initiatives, along with seemingly everything else he did, were largely about racial uplift, an effort to prove the worthiness of African Americans and an attempt to secure their full participation in American society.
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