The global diversity of fungi has been estimated using several different approaches. There is somewhere between 2–11 million estimated species, but the number of formally described taxa is around ...150,000, a tiny fraction of the total. In this paper, we examine 12 ascomycete genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal species descriptions, and introduce new species in each genus. To highlight the importance of traditional morpho-molecular methods in publishing new species, we introduce novel taxa in 12 genera that are considered to have low species discovery. We discuss whether the species are likely to be rare or due to a lack of extensive sampling and classification. The genera are
Apiospora
,
Bambusicola
,
Beltrania
,
Capronia
,
Distoseptispora
,
Endocalyx
,
Neocatenulostroma
,
Neodeightonia
,
Paraconiothyrium
,
Peroneutypa
,
Phaeoacremonium
and
Vanakripa
. We discuss host-specificity in selected genera and compare the number of species epithets in each genus with the number of ITS (barcode) sequences deposited in GenBank and UNITE. We furthermore discuss the relationship between the divergence times of these genera with those of their hosts. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss hosts and habitats that should be investigated for novel species discovery.
Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi. The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been ...estimated. This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches, viz. by numbers of described fungi, by fungus:substrate ratio, by ecological distribution, by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota. The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted, “2.2–3.8 million” species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90% of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually. The Catalogue of Life, Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement. The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million, ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million. However, only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories. The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22. Therefore, where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes? The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots, poorly-studied areas and species complexes. Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles, lichenicolous fungi, human pathogens, marine fungi, and fungicolous fungi. Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier species. Nomenclatural issues, such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs, synonyms, conspecific names, illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species. Interspecies introgression results in new species, while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
In the last few years, many microfungi-including plant-associated species-have been reported from various habitats and substrates in Italy. In this study of pleosporalean fungi, we researched ...terrestrial habitats in the Provinces of Arezzo (Tuscany region), Forlì-Cesena and Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna region) in Italy.
Our research on Italian pleosporalean fungi resulted in the discovery of a new species,
(Phaeosphaeriaceae). In addition, we present a new host record for
(Phaeosphaeriaceae) and the second Italian record of
(Didymellaceae). Species boundaries were defined, based on morphological study and multi-locus phylogenetic reconstructions using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. Our findings expand the knowledge on host and distribution ranges of pleosporalean fungi in Italy.
Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of ...fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families are
Eriomycetaceae
(Dothideomycetes, family
incertae sedis
) and
Fasciatisporaceae
(
Xylariales
, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera comprise
Bhagirathimyces
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Camporesiomyces
(
Tubeufiaceae
),
Eriocamporesia
(
Cryphonectriaceae
),
Eriomyces
(
Eriomycetaceae
),
Neomonodictys
(
Pleurotheciaceae
),
Paraloratospora
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Paramonodictys
(
Parabambusicolaceae
),
Pseudoconlarium
(Diaporthomycetidae, genus
incertae sedis
),
Pseudomurilentithecium
(
Lentitheciaceae
),
Setoapiospora
(
Muyocopronaceae
),
Srinivasanomyces
(
Vibrisseaceae
) and
Xenoanthostomella
(
Xylariales
, genera
incertae sedis
). The 82 new species comprise
Acremonium chiangraiense
,
Adustochaete nivea
,
Angustimassarina camporesii
,
Bhagirathimyces himalayensis
,
Brunneoclavispora camporesii
,
Camarosporidiella camporesii
,
Camporesiomyces mali
,
Camposporium appendiculatum
,
Camposporium multiseptatum
,
Camposporium septatum
,
Canalisporium aquaticium
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesiana
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesii
,
Colletotrichum hederiicola
,
Coniochaeta vineae
,
Conioscypha verrucosa
,
Cortinarius ainsworthii
,
Cortinarius aurae
,
Cortinarius britannicus
,
Cortinarius heatherae
,
Cortinarius scoticus
,
Cortinarius subsaniosus
,
Cytospora fusispora
,
Cytospora rosigena
,
Diaporthe camporesii
,
Diaporthe nigra
,
Diatrypella yunnanensis
,
Dictyosporium muriformis
,
Didymella camporesii
,
Diutina bernali
,
Diutina sipiczkii
,
Eriocamporesia aurantia
,
Eriomyces heveae
,
Ernakulamia tanakae
,
Falciformispora uttaraditensis
,
Fasciatispora cocoes
,
Foliophoma camporesii
,
Fuscostagonospora camporesii
,
Helvella subtinta
,
Kalmusia erioi
,
Keissleriella camporesiana
,
Keissleriella camporesii
,
Lanspora cylindrospora
,
Loratospora arezzoensis
,
Mariannaea atlantica
,
Melanographium phoenicis
,
Montagnula camporesii
,
Neodidymelliopsis camporesii
,
Neokalmusia kunmingensis
,
Neoleptosporella camporesiana
,
Neomonodictys muriformis
,
Neomyrmecridium guizhouense
,
Neosetophoma camporesii
,
Paraloratospora camporesii
,
Paramonodictys solitarius
,
Periconia palmicola
,
Plenodomus triseptatus
,
Pseudocamarosporium camporesii
,
Pseudocercospora maetaengensis
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense
,
Pseudoconlarium punctiforme
,
Pseudodactylaria camporesiana
,
Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii
,
Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis
,
Pseudotruncatella camporesii
,
Rhexocercosporidium senecionis
,
Rhytidhysteron camporesii
,
Rhytidhysteron erioi
,
Septoriella camporesii
,
Setoapiospora thailandica
,
Srinivasanomyces kangrensis
,
Tetraploa dwibahubeeja
,
Tetraploa pseudoaristata
,
Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja
,
Torula camporesii
,
Tremateia camporesii
,
Tremateia lamiacearum
,
Uzbekistanica pruni
,
Verruconis mangrovei
,
Wilcoxina verruculosa
,
Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae
and
Xenodidymella camporesii
. The five new combinations are
Camporesiomyces patagoniensis
,
Camporesiomyces vaccinia
,
Camposporium lycopodiellae
,
Paraloratospora gahniae
and
Rhexocercosporidium microsporum
. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise
Arthrinium marii
,
Ascochyta medicaginicola
,
Ascochyta pisi
,
Astrocystis bambusicola
,
Camposporium pellucidum
,
Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis
,
Diaporthe foeniculina
,
Didymella macrostoma
,
Diplodia mutila
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Heterosphaeria patella
,
Hysterobrevium constrictum
,
Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi
,
Neovaginatispora fuckelii
,
Nothophoma quercina
,
Occultibambusa bambusae
,
Phaeosphaeria chinensis
,
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae
,
Pyxine berteriana
,
Tetraploa sasicola
,
Torula gaodangensis
and
Wojnowiciella dactylidis
. In addition, the sexual morphs of
Dissoconium eucalypti
and
Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum
are reported from
Laurus nobilis
and
Yucca gloriosa
in Italy, respectively. The holomorph of
Diaporthe cynaroidis
is also reported for the first time.
Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 ...expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on orders and families
incertae sedis
of Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders
incertae sedis
in Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as families
incertae sedis
due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence. The new order, Catinellales, and four new families,
Catinellaceae
,
Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae
and
Thyrinulaceae
are introduced. Seven genera (
Neobuelliella
,
Pseudomicrothyrium
,
Flagellostrigula
,
Swinscowia
,
Macroconstrictolumina
,
Pseudobogoriella
, and
Schummia
) are introduced. Seven new species (
Acrospermum urticae
,
Bogoriella complexoluminata
,
Dothiorella ostryae
,
Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus
,
Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis
,
Patellaria microspora
, and
Pseudomicrothyrium thailandicum
) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.
Novel methods for sampling and characterizing biodiversity hold great promise for re-evaluating patterns of life across the planet. The sampling of airborne spores with a cyclone sampler, and the ...sequencing of their DNA, have been suggested as an efficient and well-calibrated tool for surveying fungal diversity across various environments. Here we present data originating from the Global Spore Sampling Project, comprising 2,768 samples collected during two years at 47 outdoor locations across the world. Each sample represents fungal DNA extracted from 24 m
of air. We applied a conservative bioinformatics pipeline that filtered out sequences that did not show strong evidence of representing a fungal species. The pipeline yielded 27,954 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Each OTU is accompanied by a probabilistic taxonomic classification, validated through comparison with expert evaluations. To examine the potential of the data for ecological analyses, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into spatial and seasonal components, showing a strong effect of the annual mean temperature on community composition.
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