We show for the first time quantitative online measurements of five nitrated phenol (NP) compounds in ambient air (nitrophenol C6H5NO3, methylnitrophenol C7H7NO3, nitrocatechol C6H5NO4, ...methylnitrocatechol C7H7NO4, and dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5) measured with a micro-orifice volatilization impactor (MOVI) high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometer in Detling, United Kingdom during January–February, 2012. NPs absorb radiation in the near-ultraviolet (UV) range of the electromagnetic spectrum and thus are potential components of poorly characterized light-absorbing organic matter (“brown carbon”) which can affect the climate and air quality. Total NP concentrations varied between less than 1 and 98 ng m–3, with a mean value of 20 ng m–3. We conclude that NPs measured in Detling have a significant contribution from biomass burning with an estimated emission factor of 0.2 ng (ppb CO)−1. Particle light absorption measurements by a seven-wavelength aethalometer in the near-UV (370 nm) and literature values of molecular absorption cross sections are used to estimate the contribution of NP to wood burning brown carbon UV light absorption. We show that these five NPs are potentially important contributors to absorption at 370 nm measured by an aethalometer and account for 4 ± 2% of UV light absorption by brown carbon. They can thus affect atmospheric radiative transfer and photochemistry and with that climate and air quality.
Hydrographic data collected from research cruises, bottom‐anchored moorings, drifting Ice‐Tethered Profilers, and satellite altimetry in the Beaufort Gyre region of the Arctic Ocean document an ...increase of more than 6,400 km3 of liquid freshwater content from 2003 to 2018: a 40% growth relative to the climatology of the 1970s. This fresh water accumulation is shown to result from persistent anticyclonic atmospheric wind forcing (1997–2018) accompanied by sea ice melt, a wind‐forced redirection of Mackenzie River discharge from predominantly eastward to westward flow, and a contribution of low salinity waters of Pacific Ocean origin via Bering Strait. Despite significant uncertainties in the different observations, this study has demonstrated the synergistic value of having multiple diverse datasets to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of Beaufort Gyre freshwater content variability. For example, Beaufort Gyre Observational System (BGOS) surveys clearly show the interannual increase in freshwater content, but without satellite or Ice‐Tethered Profiler measurements, it is not possible to resolve the seasonal cycle of freshwater content, which in fact is larger than the year‐to‐year variability, or the more subtle interannual variations.
Plain Language
The Beaufort Gyre centered in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean is the major reservoir of fresh water in the Arctic. The primary focus of this study is on quantifying variability and trends in liquid (water) and solid (sea ice) freshwater content in this region. The Beaufort Gyre Exploration Program was initiated in 2003 to synthesize results of historical data analysis, design and conduct long‐term observations, and to provide information for numerical modeling under the umbrella of the FAMOS (Forum for Arctic Observing and Modeling Synthesis) project. The data collected from research cruises, moorings, Ice‐Tethered Profiler observations, and satellite altimetry document an increase of more than 6,400 km3 of liquid freshwater content from 2003 to 2018, a 40% growth relative to the climatology of the 1970s. This fresh water volume is comparable to the fresh water volume released to the sub‐arctic seas during the Great Salinity Anomaly episode of the 1970s. Thus, since the 2000s, the stage has been set for another possible release of fresh water to lower latitudes with accompanying climate impacts, including changes to sea ice conditions, ocean circulation, and ecosystems of the Sub‐Arctic similar to the influence of the Great Salinity Anomaly observed in the 1970s.
Key Points
Beaufort Gyre freshwater content time series (2003–2018) from different data sets are updated, compared, and analyzed
Qualitative and quantitative estimates of factors and mechanisms driving freshwater content changes are provided
In 2003–2018, the major sources of accumulated fresh water were sea ice melt, Mackenzie River runoff, and Bering Strait transport
Black carbon (BC) and light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon, BrC) play key roles in warming the atmosphere, but the magnitude of their effects remains highly uncertain. Theoretical modelling ...and laboratory experiments demonstrate that coatings on BC can enhance BC's light absorption, therefore many climate models simply assume enhanced BC absorption by a factor of ∼1.5. However, recent field observations show negligible absorption enhancement, implying models may overestimate BC's warming. Here we report direct evidence of substantial field-measured BC absorption enhancement, with the magnitude strongly depending on BC coating amount. Increases in BC coating result from a combination of changing sources and photochemical aging processes. When the influence of BrC is accounted for, observationally constrained model calculations of the BC absorption enhancement can be reconciled with the observations. We conclude that the influence of coatings on BC absorption should be treated as a source and regionally specific parameter in climate models.
ABSTRACT We present deep polarimetric observations at 154 MHz with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), covering 625 deg2 centered on = 0hand δ = −27°. The sensitivity available in our deep ...observations allows an in-band, frequency-dependent analysis of polarized structure for the first time at long wavelengths. Our analysis suggests that the polarized structures are dominated by intrinsic emission but may also have a foreground Faraday screen component. At these wavelengths, the compactness of the MWA baseline distribution provides excellent snapshot sensitivity to large-scale structure. The observations are sensitive to diffuse polarized emission at ∼54′ resolution with a sensitivity of 5.9 mJy beam−1 and compact polarized sources at ∼2 4 resolution with a sensitivity of 2.3 mJy beam−1 for a subset (400 deg2) of this field. The sensitivity allows the effect of ionospheric Faraday rotation to be spatially and temporally measured directly from the diffuse polarized background. Our observations reveal large-scale structures (∼1°-8° in extent) in linear polarization clearly detectable in ∼2 minute snapshots, which would remain undetectable by interferometers with minimum baseline lengths of >110 m at 154 MHz. The brightness temperature of these structures is on average 4 K in polarized intensity, peaking at 11 K. Rotation measure synthesis reveals that the structures have Faraday depths ranging from −2 to 10 rad m−2 with a large fraction peaking at approximately +1 rad m−2. We estimate a distance of 51 20 pc to the polarized emission based on measurements of the in-field pulsar J2330-2005. We detect four extragalactic linearly polarized point sources within the field in our compact source survey. Based on the known polarized source population at 1.4 GHz and non-detections at 154 MHz, we estimate an upper limit on the depolarization ratio of 0.08 from 1.4 GHz to 154 MHz.
Global increases in the occurrence of large, severe wildfires in forested watersheds threaten drinking water supplies and aquatic ecology. Wildfire effects on water quality, particularly nutrient ...levels and forms, can be significant. The longevity and downstream propagation of these effects as well as the geochemical mechanisms regulating them remain largely undocumented at larger river basin scales. Here, phosphorus (P) speciation and sorption behavior of suspended sediment were examined in two river basins impacted by a severe wildfire in southern Alberta, Canada. Fine‐grained suspended sediments (<125 μm) were sampled continuously during ice‐free conditions over a two‐year period (2009–2010), 6 and 7 years after the wildfire. Suspended sediment samples were collected from upstream reference (unburned) river reaches, multiple tributaries within the burned areas, and from reaches downstream of the burned areas, in the Crowsnest and Castle River basins. Total particulate phosphorus (TPP) and particulate phosphorus forms (nonapatite inorganic P, apatite P, organic P), and the equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC₀) of suspended sediment were assessed. Concentrations of TPP and the EPC₀ were significantly higher downstream of wildfire‐impacted areas compared to reference (unburned) upstream river reaches. Sediments from the burned tributary inputs contained higher levels of bioavailable particulate P (NAIP) – these effects were also observed downstream at larger river basin scales. The release of bioavailable P from postfire, P‐enriched fine sediment is a key mechanism causing these effects in gravel‐bed rivers at larger basin scales. Wildfire‐associated increases in NAIP and the EPC₀ persisted 6 and 7 years after wildfire. Accordingly, this work demonstrated that fine sediment in gravel‐bed rivers is a significant, long‐term source of in‐stream bioavailable P that contributes to a legacy of wildfire impacts on downstream water quality, aquatic ecology, and drinking water treatability.
Introduction
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, lifelong, progressive disease characterised by renal phosphate wasting and abnormal bone mineralisation. Symptoms begin in early childhood, ...with the development of rickets and related skeletal deformities and reduced growth, progressing to long-term complications, including pseudofractures and fractures, as well as pain, stiffness and fatigue. The present study was designed to explore the patient experience of pain, stiffness and fatigue and the psychosocial impact of XLH in detail.
Methods
A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted in the United Kingdom (18), Finland (6), France (4), Germany (1) and Luxembourg (1) with XLH patients aged 26 and over. Interview discussion guides were developed in consultation with clinical experts and patient associations. Data were analysed thematically.
Results
Participants (
N
= 30) described pain, stiffness and fatigue as frequently experienced symptoms with a significant impact on physical functioning and activities of daily living (ADLs). Some also described the symptoms as impacting their mood/mental health, relationships, social life and leisure activities. Participants described how common symptoms could interact or aggravate other symptoms. Symptoms had often worsened over time, and for many, were associated with concern about the future. Most participants were worried or felt guilty about having children with XLH. The findings confirmed and extended the existing model of the burden of XLH.
Conclusion
The present study is the first to provide an in-depth analysis of pain, stiffness and fatigue, their impact and the interrelatedness of these symptoms among adults with XLH. The study also described the psychosocial impact of XLH as a hereditary, lifelong progressive disease.
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