► Fishing pressure explains diversity and function of coral reef fishes. ► But markets, population density and socioeconomic development explain fishing. ► Market access strongly increases fishing, ...reducing key functional group biomass. ► Human population density increases fishing, affecting reef fish diversity. ► Socioeconomic development has weak positive and negative effects on fishes.
There is overwhelming evidence that many local-scale human activities (e.g. fishing) have a deleterious effect on coral reef fish assemblages. Our understanding of how broad social phenomena (e.g. socioeconomic development) affect the diversity and function of coral reef fish assemblages however, is still poor. Here, we use structural equation models to reveal how human population density, socioeconomic development, and market access affect fishing pressure and coral cover to, in turn, explain the diversity and biomass of key functional groups of reef fish assemblages within Solomon Islands. Fishing pressure is predominantly driven by both market access and local population density, and has a clear negative effect on the diversity and function of coral reef fishes. The strong positive effect of market access on fishing pressure makes clear the importance of understanding social-ecological linkages in the context of increasingly connected societies. This study highlights the need to address broad social phenomena rather than focusing on proximate threats such as fishing pressure, to ensure the continued flow of coral reef goods and services in this time of rapid global social and environmental change.
This Letter describes the discovery of a novel series of H3 receptor antagonists. The initial medicinal chemistry strategy focused on deconstructing and simplifying an early screening hit which ...rapidly led to the discovery of a novel series of H3 receptor antagonists based on the benzazepine core. Employing an H3 driven pharmacodynamic model, the series was then further optimised through to a lead compound that showed robust in vivo functional activity and possessed overall excellent developability properties.
Juvenile Spongiotic Gingivitis Darling, Mark R.; Daley, Tom D.; Wilson, Aze ...
Journal of periodontology (1970),
July 2007, Letnik:
78, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Background: This article recognizes the microscopic diagnosis of acute spongiotic mucositis as an analog to acute spongiotic dermatitis of the skin and defines a specific clinicopathological entity ...“juvenile spongiotic gingivitis” within this microscopic spectrum.
Methods: Twenty‐four patients, usually juveniles, with patches of bright red, often slightly thickened, painless, and persistent lesions of the attached gingiva, which may or may not involve the marginal gingiva, were identified by clinical and microscopic features. Immunohistochemical studies for cytokeratins 5/6 and 19, estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptors were completed on 10 of these cases. A comparison to puberty gingivitis, which occurs in the same age group, was done.
Results: Microscopically, the epithelium exhibited hyperplasia, significant spongiosis, loss of keratinization, and a neutrophilic infiltrate, sometimes with microabscess formation, whereas the underlying connective tissue exhibited an acute on chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Full‐thickness epithelial immunostaining for cytokeratins 5/6 and 19 was found, whereas no reactivity was seen for estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors in the specimens.
Conclusions: Juvenile spongiotic gingivitis differs from puberty gingivitis by not needing to show continuity with plaque‐related marginal gingivitis, by a lack of response to hygiene procedures, by an occasional occurrence at ages not related to puberty, and by the absence of sex hormone receptors investigated immunohistochemically in 10 of the cases. We propose juvenile spongiotic gingivitis as a distinct clinicopathological entity.
The adoption and continued use of innovations by societies, organisations and individuals has been a subject of research since before the 1930s. A variety of different theories have been developed to ...account for the different speeds at which innovations are adopted and the factors that affect the adoption process. This paper reviews theories of the adoption of innovations with particular reference to the recent phenomenon of the e-book as a cultural innovation that is having an impact on individuals, organizations and national policy makers. The paper will suggest which theories are most appropriate for the different levels at which the innovation is employed.
This paper reports on a study of publishers’ attitudes towards e-books in the context of the global situation of e-book publishing. Comparative data are drawn from a replication of a survey carried ...out in Sweden, in Lithuania and in Croatia. The great contrast between the rise of the e-book in English speaking countries (and those with significant English speaking readers) is shown and contrasted with that in ‘small language markets’. This three country survey reveals a number of similar responses from publishers on several key issues, i.e., self-publishing, the future role of bookshops, and relationships with public libraries. The results also reveal that publishers have certain ambivalence on these issues. The overall conclusion is that there is a marked difference in the growth of e-book publishing in small language markets compared with the English language market.
Business use of the world-wide web Cockburn, C.; Wilson, T.D.
International journal of information management,
04/1996, Letnik:
16, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article introduces the issue of business activity on the World-Wide Web and reports on two surveys of business organizations with World-Wide Web pages. The first survey examined the WWW pages ...and categorized them by industry sector and by the nature of the use of the Web. The second survey used a brief e-mail questionnaire to those companies in the first survey that provided an e-mail contact address. The companies made use of the Web for publicity, advertising, customer support, and online selling. The major problems holding back further development were said to be: development of secure sites and suitable payment systems, faster connection times and wider access. The main future developments were seen to be: more interaction with users, more general content to be added, the addition of more products and services and increased use of multi-media.
The emergence of the e-book as a major phenomenon in the publishing industry is of interest, world-wide. The English language market, with Amazon.com as the major player in the market may have ...dominated attention, but the e-book has implications for many other languages and book markets. The pre-e-book publishing world can be seen as a system in which authors delivered texts to publishers, who evaluated, edited, printed and distributed the published text to bookshops and thence to libraries and individual readers. This process has been going on since Gutenberg’s re-invention of movable type in about 1439 (following its original invention in China in the 9th century, and the use of metallic type in Korea in 1234), in other words, for about the past 550 years. The invention of movable type was an instance of a disruptive technology: eventually putting monastic scribes out of business altogether. Similarly, the e-book has the potential to disrupt the processes for the production, distribution and use of authorial texts, and is already in the process of doing so. First, the phenomenon of self-publishing has emerged as a serious contender to the more formal process; secondly, publishers may derive significant economic benefit from the reduction in printing and distribution costs, as well as the ability to sell directly to the consumer through their own Websites; thirdly, the impact on booksellers may result in a further reduction in the number of independent stores – a decline already in process as a result of online bookselling; fourthly, user demand is resulting in libraries wrestling with the problems of how to manage e-books within their collection development and management processes; and, finally, the behaviour of readers is changing as the devices available for using e-books become more numerous and cheaper. Only someone blessed with absolute certainty in forecasting the future can know exactly how things will change, but there is little doubt that the development of the e-book will bring about substantial changes in the processes of book production, distribution and use – and many of these changes will surprise us.
Razvoj e-knjige kao novog fenomena u nakladničkoj industriji od globalne je važnosti. Iako se najviše pozornosti pridaje tržištu engleskog govornog područja, s tvrtkom Amazon.com kao ključnim ...igračem, implikacije pojave e-knjige razvidne su na mnogim tržištima i na mnogim jezicima. Nakladništvo se do pojave e-knjiga moglo opisati kao sustav u kojemu su autori isporučivali tekstove nakladnicima, koji su iste tekstove vrednovali, uređivali, tiskali i distribuirali posredstvom knjižara i knjižnica sve do individualnih čitatelja. Takav se proces uobičajio od Gutenbergova vremena i traje posljednji 550-ak godina. Otkriće tiska pomičnim slovima također je primjer tehnološke prekretnice, koja je s vremenom dokinula sustav umnažanja knjiga prepisivanjem. Slično tome, potencijal e-knjige je raskidanje s uobičajenim praksama proizvodnje, distribucije i korištenja autorskog teksta, što je već postalo razvidno kroz sljedeće procese. Prvo, fenomen samostalnog objavljivanja djela postaje ozbiljna konkurencija tradicionalnom nakladništvu. Drugo, nakladnici usmjeravanjem na e-knjige mogu ostvariti veće uštede u troškovima tiska i distribucije, a stječu i mogućnost izravne prodaje knjiga kupcima posredstvom vlastitih mrežnih stranica. Treće, navedeni će razvoj dodatno smanjiti broj neovisnih knjižara, a taj je proces već otpočeo pojavom online knjižarstva. Četvrto, zahtjevi korisnika rezultiraju problemima s kojima se suočavaju knjižnice kada je riječ o organizaciji kolekcija e-knjiga i njihovu korištenju. Naposljetku, ponašanje čitatelja se mijenja budući da uređaji koji omogućuju čitanje e-knjiga postaju sve brojniji i jeftiniji. Samo bi osoba posve sigurna i pouzdana u predviđanju budućnosti mogla predvidjeti daljnji razvoj, ali jasno je da će e-knjige prouzročiti supstancijalne promjene u proizvodnji, distribuciji i korištenju knjige – a mnoge od tih promjena bi mogle biti iznenađujuće.
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