The development of cities and their rivers is closely intertwined. Urban environmental histories have explored river–city interactions in detail, but none has focused on an entire waterscape and the ...ways its different hydro-morphological features have influenced river uses and urban development. Our research on Vienna’s aquatic environment examined how the nature of rivers co-determined urban residents’ utilization of them. We combined an in-depth reconstruction of rivers, streams, and canals with urban development over time. Based on three cases, we studied how natural features and a large metropolis co-evolved between the late seventeenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Our research shows how the diverse hydro-morphological conditions of the Viennese waters had a bearing on potential uses, and on the kind, of newly built material arrangements and practices. Studying the surface waters and their groundwater aquifers in their entirety makes visible how they were used in complementary ways to satisfy urban demand for a multitude of water services. This article reveals the full spectrum of human–river interactions in Vienna by exploring the various functions that different types of waters had, the means of intervention implemented by a variety of actors in the city’s urban industrial transformation, and how these functions and their mix changed over time.
Eingeweidewürmer in Galens Schriften Jirsa, Franz; Winiwarter, Verena
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift,
10/2010, Letnik:
122, Številka:
Suppl 3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Zusammenfassung
Galen war einer der bedeutendsten Ärzte der Antike. Er hat ein umfangreiches Werk hinterlassen, das in zahlreichen Ausgaben vorliegt, wobei die umfassendste sicher die von Karl ...Gottlob Kühn ist, die zwischen 1821–33 erschien. Dieses Werk bildet neben neueren Editionen von Teilen der Galenschen Schriften die wichtigste Quelle dieser Arbeit. Galen beschäftigt sich in seinen Werken mit allen Gebieten der Medizin und mit Philosophie. Die Passagen über Eingeweidewürmer sind über das gesamte Werk verstreut und geben Einblick in Galens Verständnis der damals bekannten Wurmparasitosen. Eingeweidewürmer "vermes intestinales" werden im Text auch als "Lumbrici" zusammengefasst. Es werden drei Arten unterschieden: "lati", "teretes" und "ascarides". Galen übernimmt dabei auch Beschreibungen aus dem Corpus Hippocraticum, worauf er einmal direkt verweist. Bei den "teretes" oder auch "Lumbrici rotundi", also den runden Eingeweidewürmern, ist sehr eindeutig der Spulwurm, heute
Ascaris lumbricoides
genannt, beschrieben. Weniger eindeutig sind die Beschreibungen der anderen "kleineren" Würmer, den "ascarides". Aus den einzelnen Symptomen lässt sich jedoch eindeutig der Madenwurm
Enterobius vermicularis
, der "besonders Kinder befällt", erkennen. In wieweit Galen noch weitere "kleine" Arten unterschieden hat, lässt sich aus den vorliegenden Textstellen nicht klären. Die "Lumbrici lati", also die rezent als Bandwürmer bezeichneten Tiere, werden gesondert beschrieben, und auch über die Hungerzustände, die sie hervorrufen, wird berichtet. Mit den Erklärungsmodellen über die Herkunft der Würmer schafft Galen die Verbindung zur Philosophie und der damals die Medizin bestimmenden Vier-Säfte-Lehre: Eingeweidewürmer entstehen aus "Fäulnis und Wärme" und stehen so den Lebewesen gegenüber, die aus einem Samen entstehen. Sie treten vermehrt bei Kindern auf, denen die Eigenschaften "Feuchtigkeit und Wärme" zugeschrieben werden. Auf die Beschreibung der einzelnen Arten folgt immer eine ganze Reihe von Ratschlägen wie, und mit welchen Mitteln, gegen die Parasiten vorgegangen werden kann. Zu Ihrer Vertreibung werden nach der Vier-Säfte-Lehre Substanzen verwendet, deren Eigenschaften "kühl" oder/und "trocken" sind: die beschriebenen Mittel wie u.a. Minze, Kardamon und Myrrhe sind auch heute noch verwendete Arzneien.
Galen was undoubtedly one of the most important physicians in antiquity. He left a voluminous work which was edited by numerous scholars. The most capacious edition was done by Karl Gottlob Kühn ...between 1821 and 1833, which is, besides other more recent editions, the major source for this work. Galen deals in his works with all aspects of medicine and with philosophy. The texts on intestinal helminths are spread over the whole works of Galen and give a deep insight of the understanding of parasitic diseases due to intestinal helminths in Antiquity. Intestinal helminths "vermes intestinales" are also subsumed as "lumbrici" of which three species are distinguished: "lati", "teretes" and "ascarides". Galen inherits the descriptions of these worms from the Corpus Hippocraticum and even indicates this once. Well defined amongst the "teretes" or "lumbrici rotundi" appears to be the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides of today. Less clear are the descriptions of the other "smaller worms", so-called "ascarides". Due to the described symptoms it is possible to identify the threadworm Enterobius vermicularis "that infests mainly children". If Galen distinguished other "small" worm species could not be clarified from this text. The third "species" "Lumbrici lati", today's tape worms, are described separately and also the hunger they cause is mentioned. With his model of explanation for the genesis of the worms Galen combines medicine, philosophy and the Doctrine of the Four Humours which was valid at his time: intestinal worms originate from "putridity and warmth" and therefore stand opposite the life forms that evolve from semen. In addition to the descriptions of the parasites Galen gives advice how and by which means parasites can be fought. Their successful expulsion can be achieved using substances that have the properties "cool" and/or "dry" following the Doctrine of the Four Humours. Some of the medicines described are still used as drugs in our society amongst others: mint, cardamom or myrrh.
Les chantiers de l’histoire environnementale sont aussi nombreux que les enjeux soulevés par la crise écologique contemporaine. Gestion des risques par les sociétés passées, exploitation des ...ressources naturelles, mutation du regard porté sur l’environnement constituent quelques facettes d’une historiographie désormais mature et foisonnante. Les contributions réunies par le Réseau universitaire de chercheurs en histoire environnementale (RUCHE), à l’occasion de son 10e anniversaire, offrent un panorama international et pluridisciplinaire de cette révolution historiographique, en partant d’un état des lieux inédit dans quelques champs impactés par l’émergence d’une approche environnementale (telles l’histoire des mondes du travail et l’histoire maritime). La réflexion porte ensuite sur l’usage de sources et sur les méthodologies de recherche, en se fondant sur des exemples (comme les cartes) et en retraçant des expériences collectives de travail sur archives. Enfin, quelques études sur les acteurs et objets de l’histoire environnementale illustrent l’apport de l’interdisciplinarité pour interroger nos sociétés contemporaines.
Les chantiers de l'histoire environnementale sont aussi nombreux que les enjeux soulevés par la crise écologique contemporaine. Gestion des risques par les sociétés passées, exploitation des ...ressources naturelles, mutation du regard porté sur l'environnement constituent quelques facettes d'une historiographie désormais mature et foisonnante.Les contributions réunies par le Réseau universitaire de chercheurs en histoire environnementale (RUCHE), à l'occasion de son 10e anniversaire, offrent un panorama international et pluridisciplinaire de cette révolution historiographique, en partant d'un état des lieux inédit dans quelques champs impactés par l'émergence d'une approche environnementale (telles l'histoire des mondes du travail et l'histoire maritime). La réflexion porte ensuite sur l'usage de sources et sur les méthodologies de recherche, en se fondant sur des exemples (comme les cartes) et en retraçant des expériences collectives de travail sur archives. Enfin, quelques études sur les acteurs et objets de l'histoire environnementale illustrent l'apport de l'interdisciplinarité pour interroger nos sociétés contemporaines.
Until the 19th century, not just the Isar River and its natural branches but also the “Stadtbäche”, artificial canals, provided Munich with water for drinking, commerce, waste discharge, defense, ...ostentatious display and for other functions. In particular, the streams were the main transport route and offered hydropower for many mills and other hydropower-dependent facilities in the Preindustrial and Early Industrial Ages. The Isar—an alpine river—transported large amounts of gravel and would often change its course. Regularly, floods destroyed dams and weirs. A fair distribution of water to all users on both sides of the river was difficult to negotiate because securing constant, reliable flow was one of the biggest challenges water engineers faced. The joint development of Munich and its waters was also influenced by the conflicts between citizens and the Bavarian duke as well as by the city’s simultaneous function as ducal court of the house of Wittelsbach and as administrative centre of Bavaria. In the second half of the 19th century, when Munich became a metropolis, the city’s streams played an important role in the process of urbanisation but also became a growing problem. An unprecedented level of pollution from increasing industrial activities and growing population required action. Solutions had to be found for the many tasks that were fulfilled by the city’s streams. As in many other cities, electricity and railroads as new technologies of the Industrial Age enabled Munich’s inhabitants to replace the essential local functions of the river. The artificial canals could then be filled in and most natural branches of the Isar disappeared below ground. One of the defining characteristics of the city, its unique reliance on canals, had ceased to be.
Tourism is an important part of many national economies in Europe and beyond. Tourism imagery is a reflection of national environmental values and national claims upon nature. Postcards are a good ...example for the use of images in environmental history, and an important medium of tourist
discourse. They are designed to sell tourist dreams about landscapes. In some ways, they are very uniform. They depict blue skies, green meadows, mountains, snow, whatever is to be sold as typical to the paying user. This uniformity is paradoxical, as what tourist destinations are striving
to sell is their uniqueness. Upon close study, differences are revealed within the uniformity. Cards are full of national symbols and make claims about national natures. National styles of depicting nature have developed alongside increasingly targeted destination marketing. At a recent environmental
history conference, a panel asked if nations had a place in environmental history. This paper argues, as did Ted Steinberg in his book on the history of the lawn in the U.S.A., that, for some topics, national boundaries do matter in environmental history. National styles are part of the socio-cultural
legacies of different countries. Humans play a special role in picture postcards, being either sold as decorative "natives" to enhance the card's picturesque appeal, or depicted as model tourists showing the proper use of the landscape portrayed, be it eating shrimp, mountaineering,
or boating and fishing. The present paper uses postcards from several European countries to discuss national natures in comparison. The development of statements about national natures over time is interesting, as picture postcards do echo environmental values in different countries. The paper
employs picture postcards to show how the environment was and is constructed for tourist use and for purposes of national interest. Postcards transmit environmental values. Since these are also national values, looking at cards reveals what may be a hidden agenda of difference within a politically
but not culturally unified Europe.
The nineteenth century was marked by a fundamental change in city-river relations. The environmental history perspective employed in this article illustrates how the complex interplay between the ...diverse natural and societal endowment of four European cities (Brussels, Lyon, Munich, and Vienna) shaped urban aquatic networks. Throughout the long-term co-evolution of the urbanites and their aquatic network, different sources of waterpower in the cities had led to differences in use and transformation. In the nineteenth century, industrialization induced a shift to a fossil energy regime in all four study sites. Population growth and urbanization required new areas for housing, industry, and trade, as well as new means of sanitation. Main drivers of the transformation included river engineering, flood protection dikes, advances in the fight against epidemic cholera, improved sanitation, water supply, and sewage networks. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the water networks of the four cities were thoroughly transformed. Despite different natural endowments, the four cities had grown increasingly similar, using water mainly as a metabolic substance for consumption and waste removal. Smaller watercourses had become part of the subterranean sewage network; larger ones were often vaulted or encased by flood protection walls leaving legacies for urban authorities in the twentieth century and beyond.
The Wien River is the largest tributary of the Viennese Danube and was a center of urban production during industrialization. It’s highly dynamic flow regime with small average discharge as well as ...recurrent big, fast floods posed challenges to its use. In this study we focus on the role of this urban watercourse for supplying water to crafts and industries and for wastewater discharge in the 19th century. Animal slaughtering, tanning, dyeing, textile printing, beer brewing, and chemical industry as main water demanding and polluting crafts were investigated. Their location in the catchment was determined and they were systematized by their needs of water and types of pollutants released into the river. Spatial distribution patterns of these industries from the end of the 18th to the end of the 19th century show a complex picture in terms of water supply and waste water discharge. We found very distinct patterns for different sections of the river as well as for different crafts and could observe a change over the time period investigated. Only few types of businesses lied close to the Wien River which can, to some extent, be explained with the high risk of flooding. Groundwater played a more important role for water supply while the main function of the river was wastewater discharge. Spatial distribution of crafts and industries, and changes in locations resulted from an interplay of environmental and social factors. Availability of surface waters, water supply, and discharge infrastructure (wells, pipelines, sewers) seem to have been important for the choice of location for production sites. Regulations concerning the exertion of industries, economic factors and technological innovation also played a role in the development of the observed spatial pattern.
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