In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received significant attention due to their exceptional electrical and optical properties. Among these 2D ...materials, ReS2 distinguishes itself through its unique optical and conductance anisotropy. Despite concerted efforts to produce high-quality ReS2, the unique interlayer decoupling properties pose substantial challenges in growing large-area ReS2 thin films, with the preparation of single layers proving even more complex. In this work, large-scale continuous monolayer and bilayer ReS2 films were successfully grown on mica substrates using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Photodetectors were fabricated using the prepared high-quality ReS2 films, and the devices presented stable photoresponse and enhanced response sensitivity. The production of continuous ReS2 atomic layers heralds promising prospects for large-scale integrated circuits and advances the practical application of optoelectronics based on 2D layered materials.
Cu(In1−x,Alx) Se2 or Cu(In,Al)Se2 (CIAS) thin films were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering method and three different selenization processes. Morphology, composition, microstructure, optical and ...electrical properties was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), four probes method and optical transmittance, respectively. The results show that one-step method is the most effective and simplest selenization process. Morphology analysis shows that longer selenization time and higher annealing temperature result in the larger CIAS particles. The value of Se/Me increases with Cu/In+Al ratio increasing. XRD results show that the amorphous sputtered CuInAl (CIA) precursors transform into single-phase chalcopyrite CIAS films after annealing at 500°C. The resistivity of CIAS films increase with the Cu/In+Al and Se/Me ratios increasing. Optical studies reveal that the films have good optical absorption properties.
► Cu(In,Al) Se2 films were prepared by selenizing sputtered CIA precursor. ► Selenization time and temperature affected the film morphology apparently. ► Amorphous precursors transformed into chalcopyrite CIAS after selenizing. ► Resistivity of CIAS films increased with the increase of Cu/In+Al ratios. ► The films had good optical absorption properties.
, an extremely rare and critically endangered plant with only three wild adult trees globally, is strongly mycorrhizal-dependent, leading to difficulties in protection and artificial breeding without ...symbiosis. Root hair morphogenesis plays an important role in the survival of mycorrhizal symbionts. Due to the lack of an effective genome and transcriptome of
, the molecular signals involved in the root hair development remain unknown, which hinders its endangered mechanism analysis and protection. Herein, transcriptomes of radicles with root hair (RH1) and without root hair (RH0) from
in vitro plantlets were primarily established. Functional annotation and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that the two phenotypes have highly differentially expressed gene clusters. Transcriptome divergence identified hormone and sugar signaling primarily involved in root hair morphogenesis of
. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) coupled with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) found that two hormone-sucrose-root hair modules were linked by
, and
was positioned in the center of the regulation network, co-expressed with
in hormone transduction and key genes related to root hair morphogenesis. Our results contribute to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of root hair development and offer new insights into deciphering the survival mechanism of
and other endangered species, utilizing root hair as a compensatory strategy instead of poor mycorrhizal growth.
Learning the Chinese tone system is a major challenge to students of Chinese as a second or foreign language. Part of the problem is that the spoken Chinese syllable presents a complex perceptual ...input that overlaps tone with segments. This complexity can be addressed through directing attention to the critical features of a component (tone in this case) within a complex perceptual input stimulus. We tested hypotheses based on this feature‐focusing assumption in an in vivo classroom setting. First‐year students in a Chinese language program at a U.S. university were trained to identify the tones of 228 syllables learned across eight lessons in the first semester. Three learning conditions were designed to support tone learning by presenting (a) visual pitch contours that depict the acoustic shape of the tones, together with pinyin spelling of the spoken syllables (Contour + Pinyin condition); (b) numbers that represent the tones in traditional computer interface, together with pinyin spelling of the spoken syllables (Number + Pinyin condition); and (c) visual pitch contours without pinyin spelling (Contour Only condition). Analyses of student activity logs (learning curves) and pretests and posttests showed significant effects of learning condition. The results suggested that the Contour + Pinyin condition had more error reduction in tone recognition over the activity log than the Contour Only condition and greater improvement from the pretest to posttest than the Number + Pinyin condition. These findings point at the value of separate support for the two major components (tone and segments) of a tonal language.
A contemporary review (over a 10-year period) was conducted into studies that used computer-assisted language learning (CALL) strategies to learn a second language (L2) by considering the impact of ...cognitive load. Twelve affordances were identified that led to enhanced learning, namely, online annotations and glosses, captioning, digital game-based language learning, videoconferencing and video feedback, visualization-based learning approaches, online instructional content and features, online machine translation tools, online interactive collaborative learning, (meta)cognitive learning strategies argument mapping, computer-mediated dictionary assisted learning, and multiple display screens. Associated with these affordances were a number of conditions and learner characteristics that modified the effectiveness of the affordances such as L2 proficiency. Most learning strategies were used to reduce cognitive load, although a limited number fostered germane cognitive load through generative learning practices. A number of issues associated with measuring cognitive load, multimedia learning, and research designs are also discussed.
Cd1−xZnxS thin films were grown on soda–lime glass substrates by chemical-bath deposition (CBD) at 80°C with stirring. All the samples were annealed at 200°C for 60min in the air. The crystal ...structure, surface morphology, thickness and optical properties of the films were studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), step height measurement instrument and spectrophotometer respectively. The results revealed that Cd1−xZnxS thin films had cubic crystal structure and the intensity of the diffraction peak increased gradually as ammonia concentration rose and the grain size varied from 5.1 to 8.3nm. All of Cd1−xZnxS thin films had a granular surface with some smaller pores and the average granule sizes increased from 92 to 163nm with an increase in ammonia concentration. The Cd1−xZnxS thin films had the highest transmittance with ammonia concentration of 0.5ML−1, whose thickness was 50nm and band gap was 2.62eV.
Cu(In,Al)Se2 (CIAS) powders with varying Al/(In+Al) ratios x (x=0, 0.15, 0.23, 0.38, 0.57) were synthesized by mechanochemical process (MCP). Composition, morphology of CIAS powders was investigated ...by energy dispersive analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Influence of Al content on structural and optical properties of CIAS was detected by X-ray diffraction and UV–Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The results show molecularity and stoichiometry deviation of composition were small. Particle aggregation and inhomogeneous distribution of Cu, In, Al and Se element is observed at early milling stage. Field emission transmission electron microscopy image confirms that the particles can be milled to several hundred nanometers. Chalcopyrite characteristic peaks of CuInSe2 are clearly observed. CIAS crystalline size decreases as Al2O3 increases in the products. CIAS (112) peaks shifts to high value and lattice constants for CIAS samples decrease with the Al additions. The band gap enlarged from 1.01eV to 1.29eV by adding Al. Al2O3 impurities impact CIAS powder grain size and the band gap seriously. All CIAS samples detected by hot probe method show the p-type conductivity.
Objectives
The project is designed to compare the clinical efficacy and adverse events resulting from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) plus chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone in patients with ...small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Methods
PubMed Database and ClinicalTrials.gov were both searched to identify randomized controlled clinical trials for assessing ICIs in all-stage SCLC. After screening in strict accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible studies were evaluated in regard to the population, intervention, comparator, outcome as well as study design (PICOS) pattern. Furthermore, primary endpoints of these randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and complete/objective response rate (CRR/ORR). Statistical analyses were realized via Review Manager Version 5.3 Software.
Results
Compared with the chemotherapy alone group, the ICIs plus chemotherapy group significantly improved with respect to such indicators as OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82, 95% CI 0.74–0.90,
P
< 0.0001), PFS (HR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.74–0.87,
P
< 0.00001) and ORR (64.7% versus 59.1%). According to the safety analysis, the incidence of treatment-related adverse events (trAEs) at all grades was higher in ICIs plus chemotherapy group (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.20–2.10,
P
= 0.001), bearing no statistical significance at grade 3 or above (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.99–1.49,
P
= 0.07).
Conclusions
The combination of ICIs and chemotherapy witnessed better anti-neoplastic efficacy for SCLC. Moreover, the incidence of trAEs at all grades was elevated in ICIs plus chemotherapy group, with little discrepancy in both groups at grade 3 or above.
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