The formation of outburst debris flow is different from other types of debris flow as it is formed by the gradual erosion of the riverbed by the unsteady and rapid outburst flow triggered by ...landslide dam failure. However, a prediction model for outburst debris flow that comprehensively considers the erosion effect has not yet been established. In this paper, the shallow water equation is used to describe the motion of outburst flow. This study proposes a method for constructing a virtual unit and resetting the terrain variables to reproduce the wet and dry boundary. An erosion model considering the effect of hindered erosion is introduced. By combining the shallow water equations, a debris flow prediction model that considers the entire erosion process of outburst flow is thus proposed. The established model is verified by numerical experiments on the evolution of dam-break flow on a dry fixed bed and on a moveable bed; additionally, it is verified by physical experiments on the formation of outburst debris flow. Combined with the calculation results of erosion models with and without a hindered erosion effect, the erosion model without the hindered erosion effect overestimates the flow concentration in this paper. The simulation results are closer to the actual values when considering the effect of hindered erosion in the analysis of outburst debris flow formation. The proposed model in this paper can be used as a tool to predict the occurrence of outburst debris flow.
•A prediction model for outburst debris flow is developed.•Hindered erosion is considered to predict the concentration evolution of outburst flow.•A TVD-MacCormack finite difference method is proposed considering dry–wet boundary treatment.
Traditional anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensors used barber-pole electrodes to rotate the current direction by 45° in order to obtain a linear electrical response. However, the adoption of ...barber-pole electrodes reduced the working area of the sensor. Moreover, the traditional AMR sensors need large-flipping stripes or permanent magnets for stabilization of the magnetization. Here, we report the AMR sensor using an antiferromagnetic layer to regulate the magnetization-current angle. The proposed sensor, without consuming extra area and power, could fully use the magnetoresistive area, and the stabilized magnetization could help in suppressing magnetic noise, enhancing stability, and improving linearity. The presented sensor has a stable response with a disturbing field of −1.5 T, while the commercial sensors need to be reset after being exposed to a small disturbing field of 5 Oe.
Abstract Aim To investigate the feasibility of using diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) to accurately measure breast cancer extension. Materials and Methods The extensions of 59 breast lesions were ...investigated on DW images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps and compared to the pathological exams. Results Three groups were observed: accurate, overdiagnosis, and false negative. There were no significant differences seen in accurate or false-negative group when b was 500 and 1000 s/mm2 when two lesions in the overdiagnosis group at both b values. Conclusion DWI and the ADC value have potential for evaluating cancer extension.
Abstract
For the increasing attention focused on saving endangered environments, there is a growing need for developing membrane materials able to perform complex functions such as removing ...radioactive pollutants and oil spills from water. A major challenge is the scalable fabrication of membranes with good mechanical and thermal stability, superior resistance to radiation, and excellent recyclability. In this study, we constructed a multifunctional flexible free-standing sodium titanate nanobelt (Na-TNB) membrane that was assembled as advanced radiation-tainted water treatment and oil uptake. We compared the adsorption behavior of
137
Cs
+
and
90
Sr
2+
on Na-TNB membranes under various environmental conditions. The maximum adsorption coefficient value (
K
d
) for Sr
2+
reaches 10
7
mL g
−1
. The structural collapse of the exchange materials were confirmed by XRD, FTIR and XPS spectroscopy as well as Raman analysis. The adsorption mechanism of Na-TNB membrane is clarified by forming a stable solid with the radioactive cations permanently trapped inside. Besides, the engineered multilayer membrane is exceptionally capable in selectively and rapidly adsorbing oils up to 23 times the adsorbent weight when coated with a thin layer of hydrophobic molecules. This multifunctional membrane has exceptional potential as a suitable material for next generation water treatment and separation technologies.
Elemene (C
H
) is a sesquiterpene compound extracted from the rhizome of
herbs. In the past decades, the anti-tumor activity of elemene has been observed in vitro and in some clinical practices. ...However, pharmacological mechanisms of elemene are not demonstrated adequately, which may lead to improper clinical applications. This study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor effect of elemene nanoemulsion in the mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and reveal the underlying mechanisms.
The ESR measurement and quantum mechanics simulation were used to characterize the antioxidant ability of elemene nanoemulsion. The murine breast cancer cell line 4T1 cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the left fourth mammary fat pad of BalB/c mice to establish a TNBC mice model. The H&E staining, immunohistochemical staining, DHE staining and Western blot were employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the elemene nanoemulsion on the TNBC mice.
It was shown that the elemene nanoemulsion prolonged the survival of the triple-negative breast cancer-bearing mice and inhibited the metastasis to lung and liver while did not induce significant cytotoxicity to the tumor cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the elemene nanoemulsion effectively scavenged the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and in vivo, which decreased the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and consequently reduced angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment as well as decreased the level of NLRP3 inflammasomes and IL-1β production. In addition, the elemene nanoemulsion downregulated the level of IL-1β in the RAW264.7 cells in exposure with LPS.
In conclusion, due to the ROS scavenging ability, elemene nanoemulsion effectively inhibited the metastasis of the breast cancer cells to lung and liver and consequently prolonged the survival of TNBC mice.
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•Phenolic acids secretion in banana root exudates can be enhanced by pathogens.•Phenolic acids can promote the expression of biofilm formation genes in PGPR.•Phenolic acids can induce ...the expression of antibiotic production genes in PGPR.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6, a plant growth promoting bacterium can act as an efficient antagonist against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). This study tests the response of antibiotic producing genes (ituA and bamD) and biofilm formation related genes (epsD and yqxM) in strain NJN-6 to phenolic acids in banana root exudates. Phenolic acid in banana root exudates (infected or non-infected by FOC) were identified by HPLC. Transcription analysis of genes involved in biofilm formation and antibiotic synthesis in strain NJN-6 were investigated with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). We found that the transcription levels of two antibiotic producing genes and two biofilm formation related genes in strain NJN-6 were upregulated in the banana seedling roots. Root secretion of phthalic acid, salicylic acid and cinnamic acid were enhanced in FOC infected banana seedlings. Further additional experiments demonstrated that the transcription level of ituA, bamD and epsD increased linearly to the concentration of phthalic acid. Results from antibiotic production and biofilm formation assays demonstrated a similar trend to gene transcription analysis. The results in this study indicated that the phenolic acids in root exudates of banana can potentially enhance root colonization and pathogen suppression abilities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6.
Diode pumped rare gas atoms lasers (DPRGLs) are potential candidates of the high-energy lasers, due to the advantages of high laser power and high optical conversion efficiency. In this paper, a ...two-stage excitation model of DPRGLs is established including gas discharge excitation and semiconductor laser pump to study energy loss mechanism and obtain total efficiency. The results of numerical simulation agree well with those of Rawlins et al.'s experiment. Through parameter optimization, the total efficiency and optical conversion efficiency reach 51.5% and 62.7% respectively, at pump intensity of 50 kW/cm
and reduced electric field of 8 Td. Parameter optimization of two-stage excitation lasers is theoretically studied, which is significant for the DPRGLs design with high total efficiency.
Our previous study has identified that glutamate in the red nucleus (RN) facilitates the development of neuropathic pain through metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). Here, we further explored ...the actions and possible molecular mechanisms of red nucleus mGluR Ⅰ (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in the development of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Our data indicated that both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were constitutively expressed in the RN of normal rats. Two weeks after SNI, the expressions of mGluR1 and mGluR5 were significantly boosted in the RN contralateral to the nerve injury. Administration of mGluR1 antagonist LY367385 or mGluR5 antagonist MTEP to the RN contralateral to the nerve injury at 2 weeks post-SNI significantly ameliorated SNI-induced neuropathic pain. However, unilateral administration of mGluRⅠ agonist DHPG to the RN of normal rats provoked a significant mechanical allodynia, this effect could be blocked by LY367385 or MTEP. Further studies indicated that the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β in the RN were also elevated at 2 weeks post-SNI. Administration of mGluR1 antagonist LY367385 or mGluR5 antagonist MTEP to the RN at 2 weeks post-SNI significantly inhibited the elevations of TNF-α and IL-1β. However, administration of mGluR Ⅰ agonist DHPG to the RN of normal rats significantly enhanced the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β, these effects were blocked by LY367385 or MTEP. These results suggest that activation of red nucleus mGluR1 and mGluR5 facilitate the development of neuropathic pain by stimulating the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β. mGluR Ⅰ maybe potential targets for drug development and clinical treatment of neuropathic pain.
•Enhanced mGluR1and mGluR5 in the red nucleus (RN) of spared nerve injury rats.•Activation of RN mGluR1and mGluR5 facilitate the development of neuropathic pain.•RN mGluR1and mGluR5 facilitate neuropathic pain by stimulating TNF-α expression.•RN mGluR1and mGluR5 facilitate neuropathic pain by stimulating IL-1β expression.
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