Drying was one of the primary processes in essential oil production. Time factor in drying affects both the content and chemical compositions of essential oils. This study aims to evaluate the ...influence of the drying time of kaffir lime leaves on the yield at room temperature and the major volatile compounds in the essential oils by observing day-to-day treatments. As a key odorants in essential oils, the quantity of citronellal was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) using the standard compound. Based on the daily observation results, a long-time drying gave a significant effect on the yield and the major volatile compounds. The highest yield 1.26±0.07 % (w/w) was obtained on the fourth day, while the highest content of citronellal compounds, 87.58±0.33% was achieved on the fifth day of drying,. A prolonged drying time resulted in a negative effect on not only the quantity, but also the quality of essential oils. Accordingly, this study suggests that the drying technique at room temperature best lasts for four until five days to obtain the most favorable quality and quantity of essential oils.
Abstract
Environmental problems in peri-urban communities in the North Coast of Java region are particularly closely related to flooding, waste, and disease prevalence. Regulations in the form of ...laws, government regualtions, ministerial regulation, and local regualtion have been issued relating to the handling of residential environmental problems. These regulations show how important this environmental problem is, especially in urban areas. The objectives of this study is to analyze the community-based waste management program with a systems approach. The methods used are participatory rural community appraisal (PRCA) and participatory action research (PAR) in peri-urban communities in Bekasi Regency. Field researchers were placed and lived during research at the study site. The results show that a community-based environmental management system, apart from helping overcome environmental problems, can be an effort to strengthen the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). An essential factor in the environmental management system is a participatory approach to community empowerment. The community-based environmental management system model produced in the empowerment process has the potential to become an alternative model for environmental management in densely populated cities facing the threat of floods and other environmental problems and the achievement of SDGs.
Abstract
The density of glandular trichomes and metabolite compounds in plants can increase under salt stress. Information about the glandular trichomes density described tolerance to salt stress ...however, there is no information about it in mulberry. This study aimed to obtain accessions of mulberry that are tolerant to NaCl concentrations based on cystolith trichome density, glandular trichome density, and phenolic and flavonoid content. Mulberry stem cuttings were planted using a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The first treatment used was seven mulberry accessions, which come from 5 regions in Indonesia (Bali, Makassar, Pati, Situbondo, and Bogor), and the second was the NaCl concentration (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%). The results showed that the highest cystolith trichomes density was obtained in M2 accession (32.5 cells/mm2 from the highest NaCl concentration). The highest density of the glandular trichomes was obtained in the M4 accession (50 cells/mm2 from the highest NaCl concentration). The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained in the M4 accession (154.6 mg GAE/g extract for 0.3% concentration of NaCl) and M2 accession (619.56 mg QE/g extract for the highest concentration of NaCl), respectively. The study concluded that the M2 (accession from Bogor) is tolerant to salt stress.
Abstract
One of the educational objectives that is to improve analytical thinking skills. An improvement in analytical thinking skills can be initiated by analyzing the student’s thinking process ...when faced with a new problem. Meanwhile, the Lattice Method is a method of multiplication which is very rarely taught in the school so that few students know about. Therefore, this research aims to describe the process of analytical thinking students in understanding and applying the Lattice Method to solve mathematical problems. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data has collect with tests and interviews. The subject’s determination uses a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that four subjects had interesting thought processes in understanding and applying LatticeMethod that they had never previously studied. S1 is able to understand the LatticeMethod in multiplication by explaining in detail the correct systematic and correlating the problem using the LatticeMethod. S2 is able to understand the problem but still not able to explain properly. S3 is able to understand the problem in its own way with the concept taught earlier. While, S4 is able to understand the problem in its own way without the concept of LatticeMethod.
This study investigated whether tooth brushing with toothpastes containing theobromine could prevent enamel discoloration due to coffee consumption. Thirty-five bovine incisor teeth were divided into ...groups that included brushing and no brushing treatments. Two brushing treatments consisting of two types of toothpaste: Theodent®, which contains theobromine, and Pepsodent®, which contains fluoride were crossed two brushing durations: 4 minutes 40 seconds and 20 minutes. Following the treatments, tooth specimens were immersed in coffee for 45 hours and the color change was measured using a Vita EasyShade spectrophotometer. Significant changes occurred in the color levels between the brushing and no brushing groups (ÄE* values; P <0.05), but there was no significant difference between the types of toothpaste used. These results indicate chemicals in both toothpastes can effectively reduce enamel discoloration due to coffee consumption. Future studies should consider the importance of natural substances, like theobromine, for tooth whitening.
Abstract
Mulberry (
Morus
sp.) plant is used to feed silkworms, and the leaves contain compounds with medicinal properties of secondary metabolites. However, the content of these compounds tends to ...increase under stress conditions, for instance, salt stress. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the accessions of mulberry with tolerance for salt stress. The stem cuttings of seven accessions from 5 regions, Bogor, Pati, Situbondo, Bali, and Gowa, were planted following a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. Subsequently, the first factor using the accessions, and the second factor using NaCl solution (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% concentrations) were performed. The variables observed were growth (leaves number, plant height, and shoots number), photosynthesis rate, total chlorophyll, and proline content. The results showed that the M6 accession exhibited tolerance under high salt stress, based on the leaves number, plant height, shoot number, photosynthesis rate, and proline content. Furthermore, an increase in salt concentration was discovered to cause a decrease in growth, photosynthesis rate, and total chlorophyll content. Also, proline accumulation stimulated by high salt stress possibly plays an important role in salinity tolerance.
Abstract
Modified Cassava Flour (Mocaf) was expected to replace that of wheat, until presently, its (Mocaf) application to cake products is still very limited. Local foodstuffs such as arrowroot, ...breadfruit, and pumpkin are being used as substitutes for Mocaf-based products, to increase nutritional value, functional properties, and improve sensory characteristics. The aim of this study was to make the right formulation of sponge cake products with Mocaf and other substitutes, such as arrowroot, breadfruit, and pumpkin flour. Also, the research design used was a complete factorial randomized type with two factors, namely the ratio of Mocaf to substitute flour (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60), and the types of powdered alternative consisting of arrowroot, breadfruit, and pumpkin flour. Furthermore, the results showed that the most preferable sponge cake panelists were those with the use of 40% Mocaf and 60% arrowroot flour. The nutritional composition of the product was 22.48% water, 0.93% ash, 7.25% protein, 13.83% fat, and 55.51% carbohydrate contents by difference. Therefore, the product had the sensory properties of a pale-yellow color, little Mocaf taste, very soft and smooth texture, a small aftertaste, and off-flavor.
The used magnesia refractory from the kiln of cement industry was successfully recycled to new refractory using Kaolin as an adhesive. In this work, the temperatures of sintering were varied from ...1000°C to 1500°C. The result shows that the increment temperature effects in sintering process will enhance refractory physical properties such as bulk density, cold crushing strength or pressure strength and thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, the porosity was decreased as the increase of the sintering temperature.
Abstract
Plastic waste is an emerging global and national issue. However, the global concern about plastic waste in the river system is even decreasing. Cimandiri Watershed is the most important ...watershed within the Sukabumi Regency area which flows to the Palabuhanratu Bay. Nowadays, the plastic pollution of the Cimadiri River water that ends up in the coastal area of Palabuhanratu becoming a sensitive and critical issue. Plastic waste directly threatens local coastal tourism as a major activity of the local economy. Each stakeholder is aware that plastic pollution is a consequence of anthropogenic activities along the stream of the Cimandiri River that are becoming widespread. Several policy steps have been taken by the local government, to resolve the issue and remain unsuccessful but they are still not successful. To resolve the problems, this paper aims to perform policy analysis to formulate the necessary priority policy strategy. The cause-effect analysis and gap analysis were used to resolve the appropriate plastic waste management behavior and management strategy. The management strategies for the proper management of plastic waste management in the Cimandiri River are improving community behavior by raising public knowledge, implementing legal regulation and social processes, developing technological innovation for the handling of transported plastic waste in the river flows and temporary community-friendly landfills, conduct more 3R (reduce-reuse-recycle) and waste bank management training and build policy affirmations on improving the management of plastic waste.
In August 2010, Mt. Sinabung in North Sumatera erupted for the very first time in 400 years; until that moment the volcano had been declared as dormant. In contrast to the communities living around ...Mt. Merapi in Java, the Mt. Sinabung communities had little to no preparation when faced with the sudden volcanic eruption. The Sinabung eruption caused disturbances as it ruined the farmlands and community's sources of livelihood, especially since most of the community members are farmers. Most of the time, these farmlands are located not far from their house, so displacing them means moving them away from their main source of income. This makes some of the displaced keep moving back to their old villages to farm even though they are putting themselves in danger by doing so. This condition motivated the community to initiate Beidar, an organization to monitor volcanic activities and give out early warnings to villagers nearby and within the hazard zone to evacuate. This paper will study Beidar's involvement with the community and the government, how they operate, and how they impact the community members living near the volcano. This data used in this study are primarily from interviews with Beidar members and organizers, volcanic monitoring posts, and the local disaster management. A thematic analysis of the interviews shows the history of Beidar's development as an organization proudly independent of the government; the "recruitment" of members; the important roles in the community including mediating between government and other local organizations (e.g., volcano monitoring station); specific monitoring; communication and evacuation activities (e.g., including search activities after eruptions and lahars); contacts and sharing of experience with similar groups in Indonesia; and identifying the limits of their influence in preventing local people from returning to the red zone. This research concludes that Beidar was officially acknowledged as an organization in March 2014 under the wing of the Volcanology Agency, which needed help to disseminate the volcano status information to the community. Recruiting local youth is seen as a better alternative since the communities - especially the internally displaced community members - have little trust in the government due to the crisis and deemed them 'incompetent'. Beidar, as a community-based organization, can fill the gap between the community and the government in terms of information dissemination, especially because they are local and are acknowledged as a trusted part of the community. However, this dynamic has a side effect of the villagers' feeling of security with Beidar 'watching over them'. This lowers their risk perception of the volcano, leading them to endanger themselves more by crossing over the hazard area to conducting their day-to-day activity.
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