In this study, ZnCl
2
, H
3
PO
4
, and FeCl
3
were used as activating agents to prepare porous carbons (PC-ZnCl
2
, PC-H
3
PO
4
, and PC-FeCl
3
) from cotton textile wastes at a relativity low ...temperature. The morphology and structure of carbons were characterized by SEM and XRD demonstrating that carbons with porous property were successfully obtained. Textural properties showed that the PC-ZnCl
2
possessed the largest specific surface area of 1854.70 m
2
g
−1
with mesopores domination. Both of micropores and mesopores existed in PC-H
3
PO
4
. Micropores were well developed in PC-FeCl
3
, and the proportion of which was the highest. The FTIR and pH
pzc
analysis indicated that all the carbons had acidic characteristics, and more acid functional groups were appeared on the PC-FeCl
3
than others. The different pyrolysis activation paths were proposed by the thermogravimetric analysis, which proved that the addition of activating agents promoted the formation of pores, lowered the pyrolysis temperature of cotton textile wastes, and inhibited the production of volatiles. The results of adsorption kinetics and isotherm revealed that PC-ZnCl
2
exhibited the best adsorption capacity of Cr(VI), and chemical adsorption played a significant role. Meanwhile, surface functional groups of porous carbons also participated in the Cr(VI) adsorption via electrostatic interaction and reduction reaction.
Graphical abstract
It is promising to convert waste oil and plastics to renewable fuels and chemicals by microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis, enabling pollution reduction and resource recovery. The purpose of this study ...was to evaluate the effect of catalysts on the product selectivity of microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of waste cooking oil and low-density polyethylene and optimize the pyrolysis process, including pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature, waste cooking oil to low-density polyethylene ratio, and catalyst to feedstocks ratio. The results indicated that catalysts had a great influence on the product distribution, and the yield of BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes), which increased in the following order: SAPO-34 < Hβ < HY < HZSM-5. HZSM-5 was more active for the formation of light aromatic hydrocarbons as compared to others, where the concentrations of toluene, benzene and xylenes reached 252.59 mg/mL, 114.7 mg/mL and 132.91 mg/mL, respectively. The optimum pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature, waste cooking oil to low-density polyethylene ratio and catalyst to feedstocks ratio could be 550 °C, 450 °C, 1:1 and 1:2, respectively, to maximize the formation of BTX and inhibit the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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•Microwave co-pyrolysis of waste cooking oil and LDPE comprehensively investigated.•HZSM-5 was the most effective aromatization catalyst for light aromatics.•This co-pyrolysis increased the content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.•Benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, and styrene were quantified.
The ten-eleven translocation 2 (Tet2) protein, a member of the Tet family, acts as an α-ketoglutarate- and Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes the iterative oxidation of 5-methylcytosine. Tet2 ...is widely recognized for its involvement in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we focused on Tet2 changes in stress-related disease models, behavioral changes in response to mutant forms of Tet2, and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of Tet2 in psychiatric symptoms. This information can contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the role of Tet2 in stress-related disorders and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Brain development requires a delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation in neural stem cells (NSC), which rely on the precise regulation of gene expression. Ten-eleven translocation 2 ...(TET2) modulates gene expression by the hydroxymethylation of 5-methylcytosine in DNA as an important epigenetic factor and participates in the neuronal differentiation. Yet, the regulation of TET2 in the process of neuronal differentiation remains unknown. Here, the protein level of TET2 was reduced by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during NSC differentiation, in contrast to mRNA level. We identified that TET2 physically interacts with the core subunits of the glucose-induced degradation-deficient (GID) ubiquitin ligase complex, an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligase complex and is ubiquitinated by itself. The protein levels of GID complex subunits increased reciprocally with TET2 level upon NSC differentiation. The silencing of the core subunits of the GID complex, including WDR26 and ARMC8, attenuated the ubiquitination and degradation of TET2, increased the global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels, and promoted the differentiation of the NSC. TET2 level increased in the brain of the
Wdr26
+/−
mice. Our results illustrated that the GID complex negatively regulates TET2 protein stability, further modulates NSC differentiation, and represents a novel regulatory mechanism involved in brain development.
Environmental stress promotes epigenetic alterations that impact gene expression and subsequently participate in the pathological processes of the disorder. Among epigenetic regulations, ten-eleven ...Translocation (Tet) enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in DNA and RNA and function as critical players in the pathogenesis of diseases. Our previous results showed that chronic stress increases the expression of cytoplasmic Tet2 in the hippocampus of mice exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS). Whether the cytoplasmic Tet2 alters RNA 5hmC modification in chronic stress-related processes remains largely unknown.
To explore the role of cytoplasmic Tet2 under CMS conditions, we established CMS mice model and detected the expression of RNA 5hmC by dot blot. We verified the interaction of Tet2 and its interacting protein by co-immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry and screened downstream target genes by cluster analysis of Tet2 and upstream frameshift 1 (Upf1) interacting RNA. The expression of protein was detected by Western blot and the expression of the screened target genes was detected by qRT-PCR.
In this study, we found that increased cytoplasmic Tet2 expression under CMS conditions leads to increase in total RNA 5hmC modification. Tet2 interacted with the key non-sense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) factor Upf1, regulated the stability of stress-related genes such as Unc5b mRNA, and might thereby affect neurodevelopment.
In summary, this study revealed that Tet2-mediated RNA 5hmC modification is involved in stress-related mRNA stability regulation and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for chronic stress-related diseases such as depression.
is an important herb due to the abundance of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins whose important precursors are squalene and OA. Here, we found that MeJA treatment promoted both precursors ...accumulation, especially the latter, in transgenic
, overexpressing a squalene synthase gene from
(
). In this study,
-mediated transformation was used to express the
gene. Gene expression analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the effect of MeJA on squalene and OA accumulation. The
gene was isolated and expressed in
. Transgenic lines showed a very high expression of the
gene and farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene (
) and a slightly higher squalene content than the wild-type, but endogenous squalene synthase (
), squalene epoxidase (
), and β-amyrin synthase (
) gene were decreased as well as OA content. Following one day of MeJA treatment, the expression levels of
,
, and
genes increased significantly. On day 3, the maximum content of both products reached 17.34 and 0.70 mg·g
which increased 1.39- and 4.90-fold than in the same lines without treatment. Transgenic lines expressing
gene had a limited capability to promote squalene and OA accumulation. MeJA strongly activated their biosynthesis pathways, leading to enhance yield.
In this work,
Camellia oleifera
Abel shell was used as a feedstock to prepare biochar by HNO
3
impregnation and pyrolysis. The biochar was used for the catalytic pyrolysis of waste vegetable oil to ...prepare bio-oil. Experimental results showed that HNO
3
solution treatment had an important effect on the groups and structure of the biochar catalyst. When the solid/liquid ratio of pretreatment was 1:3, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of the 1:3–600°C biochar is 392.65 m
2
/g, which is approximately 677 times higher than that of untreated biochar. Moreover, the biochar catalyst had a remarkable catalytic performance. The selectivity of the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the bio-oil was up to 78.82%, and the oxy-compound could be completely removed at the catalytic temperature of 600°C. However, the increase of the catalyst-to-waste vegetable oil ratio and catalytic temperature decreased the bio-oil yield.
Aging-related, nonresolving inflammation in both the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery predisposes individuals to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Inflammasomes are ...thought to be especially relevant to immune homeostasis, and their dysregulation contributes to inflammation and NDDs. However, few agents have been clinically shown to reduce NDD incidence by targeting inflammasomes. Our study indicated that NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome is involved in Parkinson disease (PD) progression in patients and various murine models. In addition, the small molecule kaempferol (Ka) protected mice against LPS- and SNCA-induced neurodegeneration by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation as evidenced by the fact that Ka reduced cleaved CASP1 expression and disrupted NLRP3-PYCARD-CASP1 complex assembly with concomitant decreased IL1B secretion. Mechanically, Ka promoted macroautophagy/autophagy in microglia, leading to reduced NLRP3 protein expression, which in turn deactivated the NLRP3 inflammasome. Intriguingly, ubiquitination was involved in Ka-induced autophagic NLRP3 degradation. These findings were further confirmed in vivo as knockdown of Atg5 expression or autophagy inhibitor treatment significantly inhibited the Ka-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition and neurodegeneration amelioration. Thus, we demonstrated that Ka promotes neuroinflammatory inhibition via the cooperation of ubiquitination and autophagy, suggesting that Ka is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NDDs.
Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AAV: adeno-associated virus; ACTB: actin, beta; AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BafA1: bafilomycin A
1;
BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CASP1: caspase 1; CNS: central nervous system; CQ: chloroquine; DA neurons: dopaminergic neurons; DAMPS: damage-associated molecular patterns; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; IP: immunoprecipitation; i.p.: intraperitoneally; Ka: kaempferol; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; Ly: lysate; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; NC: negative control; NDD: neurodegenerative diseases; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; OE: overexpression; PD: Parkinson disease; poly-Ub: poly-ubiquitin; PTM: post-translational modification; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; Rapa: rapamycin; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SN: supernatant; SNCA: synuclein alpha; SNpc: substantia nigra pars compacta; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; TNF/TNF-alpha: tumor necrosis factor; Ub: ubiquitin; WT: wild type
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•Removal rates of tannin and tea saponin in COSS were all over 85 % at 6 min MEP.•Activity of hydrolyase from A.aegerita was higher than other fungus during SSF.•Maximum activity of ...xylanase of A.aegerita was 213.99 U/g on day 10–12 of SSF.•Optimal conditions for OS production were 6 % substrate, initial pH 5.6, and 50 °C.•Maximum OS yield was 114.8 mg/g after 14 h enzymolysis under optimal conditions.
This study aimed to produce oligosaccharide (OS) from Camellia oleifera seed shell (COSS) through the enzymolysis of edible fungus. The removal rate of tannin and tea saponin in COSS significantly increased to 85.75% and 94.51%, respectively, at 6 min of microwave-ethanol pretreatment due to the penetration and vibration damage of microwaves on the structure of COSS. The activity of hydrolyases produced from Agrocybe aegerita was higher than that from Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus during 24 days solid-state fermentation (SSF) using pretreated COSS as the substrate. The activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, filter paper enzyme, and xylanase of A.aegerita increased to their maximum values of 94.68, 25.46, and 213.99 U/g, respectively, on days 10–12 of SSF. The optimal conditions for OS preparation via enzymatic hydrolysis were substrate concentration of 6%, initial pH of 5.6, and temperature of 50 °C. The maximum OS yield was 114.8 mg/g, which was achieved after 14 h of enzymolysis under optimal conditions. Analysis via Liquid chromatography-four-pole time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed that the major components of OS were xylooligosaccharide and cellooligosaccharide with a polymerization degree of 2–8. Moreover, analysis of the molecular weight difference showed that no toxic byproducts existed in the hydrolysate.
Mental disorders caused by stress have become a worldwide public health problem. These mental disorders are often the results of a combination of genes and environment, in which epigenetic ...modifications play a crucial role. At present, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder or depression caused by environmental stress are not entirely clear. Although many epigenetic modifications affect gene regulation, the most well-known modification in eukaryotic cells is the DNA methylation of CpG islands. Stress causes changes in DNA methylation in the brain to participate in the neuronal function or mood-modulating behaviors, and these epigenetic modifications can be passed on to offspring. Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes are the 5-methylcytosine (5mC) hydroxylases of DNA, which recognize 5mC on the DNA sequence and oxidize it to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Tet regulates gene expression at the transcriptional level through the demethylation of DNA. This review will elaborate on the molecular mechanism and the functions of Tet enzymes in environmental stress-related disorders and discuss future research directions.
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