Nanofluidics derived from low‐dimensional nanosheets and protein nanochannels are crucial for advanced catalysis, sensing, and separation. However, polymer nanofluidics is halted by complicated ...preparation and miniaturized sizes. This work reports the bottom‐up synthesis of modular nanofluidics by confined growth of ultrathin metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in a polymer membrane consisting of zwitterionic dopamine nanoparticles (ZNPs). The confined growth of the MOFs on the ZNPs reduces the chain entanglement between the ZNPs, leading to stiff interfacial channels enhancing the nanofluidic transport of water molecules through the membrane. As such, the water permeability and solute selectivity of MOF@ZNPM are one magnitude improved, leading to a record‐high performance among all polymer nanofiltration membranes. Both the experimental work and the molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the water transport is shifted from high‐friction‐resistance conventional viscous flow to ultrafast nanofluidic flow as a result of rigid and continuous nanochannels in MOF@ZNPM.
A rigid‐scaffold‐reinforced polymeric nanoparticles’ interfacial channel strategy is proposed for fabricating nanofluidic membranes that exhibit water permeance and dye/salt selectivity that are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than conventional polymeric membranes. The unprecedented separation performance is due to the paradigm shift of water transport from conventional viscous flow to ultrafast nanofluidic flow in the membrane nanofluidics.
Exploring advanced strategies in alleviating the thermal runaway of lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) is critically essential. Herein, a novel electrolyte system with thermoresponsive characteristics is ...designed to largely enhance the thermal safety of 1.0 Ah LMBs. Specifically, vinyl carbonate (VC) with azodiisobutyronitrile is introduced as a thermoresponsive solvent to boost the thermal stability of both the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and electrolyte. First, abundant poly(VC) is formed in SEI with thermoresponsive electrolyte, which is more thermally stable against lithium hexafluorophosphate compared to the inorganic components widely acquired in routine electrolyte. This increases the critical temperature for thermal safety (the beginning temperature of obvious self‐heating) from 71.5 to 137.4 °C. The remained VC solvents can be polymerized into poly(VC) as the battery temperature abnormally increases. The poly(VC) can not only afford as a barrier to prevent the direct contact between electrodes, but also immobilize the free liquid solvents, thereby reducing the exothermic reactions between electrodes and electrolytes. Consequently, the internal‐short‐circuit temperature and “ignition point” temperature (the starting temperature of thermal runaway) of LMBs are largely increased from 126.3 and 100.3 °C to 176.5 and 203.6 °C. This work provides novel insights for pursuing thermally stable LMBs with the addition of various thermoresponsive solvents in commercial electrolytes.
A thermoresponsive electrolyte is introduced into a working cell to relieve the exothermic reactions between electrodes and electrolytes, the internal short circuit. The critical temperature for thermal safety, “ignition point” of battery, and internal‐short‐circuit temperature of batteries with thermoresponsive electrolyte increase from 71.5, 100.3, and 126.3 °C to 137.4, 203.6, and 176.5 °C compared with routine electrolyte.
Serious safety risks caused by the high reactivity of lithium metal against electrolytes severely hamper the practicability of lithium metal batteries. By introducing unique polymerization site and ...more fluoride substitution, we built an in situ formed polymer‐rich solid electrolyte interphase upon lithium anode to improve battery safety. The fluorine‐rich and hydrogen‐free polymer exhibits high thermal stability, which effectively reduces the continuous exothermic reaction between electrolyte and anode/cathode. As a result, the critical temperature for thermal safety of 1.0 Ah lithium‐LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cell can be increased from 143.2 °C to 174.2 °C. The more dangerous “ignition” point of lithium metal batteries, the starting temperature of battery thermal runaway, has been dramatically raised from 240.0 °C to 338.0 °C. This work affords novel strategies upon electrolyte design, aiming to pave the way for high‐energy‐density and thermally safe lithium metal batteries.
The high reactivity of lithium metal against electrolytes is tamed by introducing a polymer‐rich solid electrolyte interphase in situ on the lithium anode. The fluorine‐rich and hydrogen‐free polymer provides both high thermal and electrochemical stability, enhancing the safety and lifespan of lithium‐LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cells. The “ignition” temperature of the battery can be increased to 338.0 °C benefiting from excellent electrolyte design.
Coordinated Volt-Var control methods have demonstrated their techno-economic feasibility in voltage regulation of photovoltaic (PV) rich distribution systems. However, fast fluctuating PV power and ...imperfect communication networks may significantly challenge the effectiveness of these methods. In this paper, a revised dynamic consensus algorithm is proposed to coordinate distributed inverters for Volt-Var control in real time. With this proposed method, Var saturation and overvoltage issues which tend to occur at downstream buses of PV rich distribution systems are significantly mitigated. To quantitatively analyse the algorithm performance in imperfect communication environments, the information delivery between agents is modelled by stochastic state transition processes among finite numbers of virtual nodes so as to quantitatively depict the random time delay and packet dropout in a discrete way. On this basis, the state transition process of the whole system is further depicted by a series of row- stochastic matrices, and the ergodic theory is used to analytically derive the algorithm tracking error in an imperfect communication environment. Our proposed method can also be extended to more complex applications, where both Var compensation and PV curtailment (or EV dispatch) are available for system voltage control. Simulation results verify the superiority of our method over traditional ones.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) provides great potential for the realization of efficient and stable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, it is still challenging for blue ...TADF emitters to simultaneously achieve high efficiency, high brightness, and low Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) y coordinate (CIEy) value. Here, the design and synthesis of two new benzonitrile‐based TADF emitters (namely 2,6‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐3,5‐bis(3,6‐diphenyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)benzonitrile (2PhCz2CzBn) and 2,6‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐3,5‐bis(3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)benzonitrile (2tCz2CzBn)) with a symmetrical and rigid heterodonor configuration are reported. The TADF OLEDs doped with both the emitters can achieve a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) over 20% and narrowband blue emission of 464 nm with a CIEy < 0.2. Moreover, the incorporation of a terminal tert‐butyl group can weaken the intermolecular π–π stacking in the nondoped TADF emitter, and thus significantly suppress self‐aggregation‐caused emission quenching for enhanced delayed fluorescence. A peak EQE of 21.6% is realized in the 2tCz2CzBn‐based nondoped device with an extremely low turn‐on voltage of 2.7 V, high color stability, a high brightness over 20 000 cd m−2, a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum of 70 nm, and CIE color coordinates of (0.167, 0.248).
A new blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter of 2tCz2CzBn is synthesized with a symmetrical and rigid heterodonor configuration, enabling significant suppression of self‐aggregation‐caused emission quenching. High‐performance nondoped organic light‐emitting diodes are achieved with a high external quantum efficiency of 21.6%, an extremely low turn‐on voltage of 2.7 V, and narrowband blue emission.
Adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a cell source for regeneration medicine. ADSCs possess the capacity to differentiate into endothelial cells and serve an essential role in vascular ...development and function. LncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) has recently been linked with angiogenesis in hepatoblastoma. However, the roles of TUG1 in endothelial differentiation of ADSCs remain unidentified. Human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) were obtained and characterized by flow cytometry, Oil red O and Alizarin Red staining. HADSCs were maintained in the endothelial differentiation medium and the expressions of TUG1, miR‐143, and FGF1 were examined by qRT‐PCR. To assess endothelial differentiation, the expressions of CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF), VE‐cadherin were examined by Western blot analysis, qRT‐PCR, and immunofluorescence. Tube formation in Matrigel was examined. The interactions between TUG1 and miR‐143, miR‐143 and FGF1 were validated by luciferase assays. During the endothelial differentiation process, TUG1 and FGF1 were upregulated, whereas miR‐143 was downregulated. TUG1 overexpression downregulated miR‐143, upregulated FGF1, CD31, vWF, and VE‐cadherin, and enhanced capillary tube formation. Luciferase assays showed that TUG1 interacted with miR‐143, and FGF1 was a direct target of miR‐143. Furthermore, the enhancement of endothelial differentiation induced by TUG1 overexpression was abolished by miR‐143 overexpression. Our findings implicated that lncRNA TUG1 promoted endothelial differentiation of ADSCs by regulating the miR‐143/FGF1 axis.
1) LncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) and FGF1 were upregulated whereas miR‐143 was downregulated during the endothelial differentiation process of adipose‐deprived stem cells (ADSCs).
2) LncRNA TUG1 overexpression promoted endothelial differentiation of ADSCs.
3) LncRNA TUG1 acted as a sponge of miR‐143 and FGF1 was a direct target of miR‐143.
4) miR‐143 overexpression abolished the enhancement of endothelial differentiation induced by TUG1 overexpression.
Objective
The aim of this meta‐analysis was to summarize the available results of immunotherapy predictors for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and to provide evidence‐based information for their ...potential predictive value of efficacy.
Methods
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials (from January 1, 1975 to November 1, 2021). The hazard ratios (HR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and tumor response rate of the included studies were extracted.
Results
Eleven studies were eventually included and the pooled results showed that programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) positive: objective response rate (ORR) (relative risk RR = 1.39, 95% CI 0.48, 4.03, p = 0.54), with high heterogeneity (p = 0.05, I2 = 56%); disease control rate DCR (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 0.04, 38.57, p = 0.88), with high heterogeneity (p = 0.04, I2 = 75%); overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.74, 1.07, p = 0.22); and progression‐free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.59, 1.16, p = 0.27), with high heterogeneity (p = 0.005, I2 = 73.1%). TMB‐High (TMB‐H): OS (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74, 1.00, p = 0.05); PFS (HR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.6, 0.85, p < 0.001). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) >upper limit of normal (ULN): OS (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.81, 1.11, p = 0.511). Asian patients: OS (HR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.72, 1.04, p = 0.135); White/Non‐Asian patients: OS (HR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.76, 0.90, p < 0.001). Liver metastasis patients: OS (HR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.83, 1.05, p = 0.229); PFS (HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.67, 1.06, p = 0.141). Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis patients: OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.71, 1.17, p = 0.474); PFS (HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.66, 1.60, p = 0.903).
Conclusion
The available research results do not support the recommendation of PD‐L1 positive and TMB‐H as predictors for the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in SCLC patients. LDH, baseline liver metastasis and CNS metastasis may be used as markers/influencing factors for predicting the efficacy of ICIs in SCLC patients. Non‐Asian SCLC patients had better efficacy with ICIs in our results.
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