•There are estimated 1.93 million new CRC cases diagnosed, and 0.94 million CRC caused deaths in 2020 worldwide.•The global new CRC cases is predicted to reach 3.2 million in 2040.•China and the ...United States have the highest estimated number of new CRC cases in the next 20 years.•The number of new CRC cases is increased from 0.56 million (2020) to 0.91 million (2040) in China.•The number of new CRC cases is increased from 0.16 million (2020) to 0.21 million (2040) in the United States.
As the third most common malignancy and the second most deadly cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) induces estimated 1.9 million incidence cases and 0.9 million deaths worldwide in 2020. The incidence of CRC is higher in highly developed countries, and it is increasing in middle- and low-income countries due to westernization. Moreover, a rising incidence of early-onset CRC is also emerging. The large number of CRC cases poses a growing global public health challenge. Raising awareness of CRC is important to promote healthy lifestyle choices, novel strategies for CRC management, and implementation of global screening programs, which are critical to reducing CRC morbidity and mortality in the future. CRC is a heterogeneous disease, and its subtype affiliation influences prognosis and therapeutic response. An accurate CRC subtype classification system is of great significance for basic research and clinical outcome. Here, we present the global epidemiology of CRC in 2020 and projections for 2040, review the major CRC subtypes to better understand CRC molecular basis, and summarize current risk factors, prevention, and screening strategies for CRC.
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The incidence of obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC) has risen rapidly in recent decades. More than 650 million obese and 2 billion overweight individuals are currently living in the world. CRC is ...the third most common cancer. Obesity is regarded as one of the key environmental risk factors for the pathogenesis of CRC. In the present review, we mainly focus on the epidemiology of obesity and CRC in the world, the United States, and China. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms linking obesity to CRC in different aspects, including nutriology, adipokines and hormones, inflammation, gut microbiota, and bile acids. The unmet medical needs for obesity-related CRC are still remarkable. Understanding the molecular basis of these associations will help develop novel therapeutic targets and approaches for the treatment of obesity-related CRC.
Scene graph is a structured representation of a scene that can clearly express the objects, attributes, and relationships between objects in the scene. As computer vision technology continues to ...develop, people are no longer satisfied with simply detecting and recognizing objects in images; instead, people look forward to a higher level of understanding and reasoning about visual scenes. For example, given an image, we want to not only detect and recognize objects in the image, but also understand the relationship between objects (visual relationship detection), and generate a text description (image captioning) based on the image content. Alternatively, we might want the machine to tell us what the little girl in the image is doing (Visual Question Answering (VQA)), or even remove the dog from the image and find similar images (image editing and retrieval), etc. These tasks require a higher level of understanding and reasoning for image vision tasks. The scene graph is just such a powerful tool for scene understanding. Therefore, scene graphs have attracted the attention of a large number of researchers, and related research is often cross-modal, complex, and rapidly developing. However, no relatively systematic survey of scene graphs exists at present. To this end, this survey conducts a comprehensive investigation of the current scene graph research. More specifically, we first summarize the general definition of the scene graph, then conducte a comprehensive and systematic discussion on the generation method of the scene graph (SGG) and the SGG with the aid of prior knowledge. We then investigate the main applications of scene graphs and summarize the most commonly used datasets. Finally, we provide some insights into the future development of scene graphs.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases ...and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
It has been more than 36 years since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were first recognized as enhancers of peroxisome proliferation. Consequently, many studies in different fields ...have illustrated that PPARs are nuclear receptors that participate in nutrient and energy metabolism and regulate cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis during lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, cell growth, cancer development, and so on. With increasing challenges to human health, PPARs have attracted much attention for their ability to ameliorate metabolic syndromes. In our previous studies, we found that the complex functions of PPARs may be used as future targets in obesity and atherosclerosis treatments. Here, we review three types of PPARs that play overlapping but distinct roles in nutrient and energy metabolism during different metabolic states and in different organs. Furthermore, research has emerged showing that PPARs also play many other roles in inflammation, central nervous system-related diseases, and cancer. Increasingly, drug development has been based on the use of several selective PPARs as modulators to diminish the adverse effects of the PPAR agonists previously used in clinical practice. In conclusion, the complex roles of PPARs in metabolic networks keep these factors in the forefront of research because it is hoped that they will have potential therapeutic effects in future applications.
The prevalence of obesity and atherosclerosis has substantially increased worldwide over the past several decades. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as fatty acids sensors, have ...been therapeutic targets in several human lipid metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) were also reported as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis, respectively. Further clarification of the internal relationships between these three lipid metabolic nuclear receptors is necessary to enable drug discovery. In this review, we mainly summarized the cross-talk of PPARs-CAR in obesity and PPARs-LXRs in atherosclerosis.
Three rare‐earth aryloxide ion pairs {L1REOAr+/B(C6F5)4−; L1=CH3C(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)CHC(CH3)(NCH2CH2PPh2); RE=Sc, Y, Lu; Ar=2,6‐tBu2C6H3} were reported that feature rare‐earth/phosphorus (RE/P) ...combinations exhibiting frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)‐like 1,4‐addition reactions towards conjugated carbonyl substrates (e.g., enone, ynone, and acrylic substrates). Furthermore, these RE/P complexes were found to be effective catalysts for the polymerization of conjugated polar alkene monomers. Mechanistic studies revealed that the rare‐earth metal‐catalyzed polymerizations were initiated by new FLP‐type 1,4‐additions rather than traditional and ubiquitous covalent RE−E (E=H, C, N, etc.) bond insertion or single‐electron transfer.
Rare and interesting: Cationic rare‐earth aryloxides featuring rare‐earth/phosphorus combinations exhibit frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)‐like 1,4‐addition reactions to conjugated carbonyl substrates. Furthermore, polymerization of conjugated polar alkene monomers is realized and the FLP‐type 1,4‐addition is proven to be the initial step of the polymerization.
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, rapidly activate in nearly all kinds of neurological diseases. These activated microglia become highly motile, secreting ...inflammatory cytokines, migrating to the lesion area, and phagocytosing cell debris or damaged neurons. During the past decades, the secretory property and chemotaxis of microglia have been well-studied, while relatively less attention has been paid to microglial phagocytosis. So far there is no obvious concordance with whether it is beneficial or detrimental in tissue repair. This review focuses on phagocytic phenotype of microglia in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, ischemic and other brain diseases. Microglial morphological characteristics, involved receptors and signaling pathways, distribution variation along with time and space changes, and environmental factors that affecting phagocytic function in each disease are reviewed. Moreover, a comparison of contributions between macrophages from peripheral circulation and the resident microglia to these pathogenic processes will also be discussed.
Composite porous surfaces were prepared to investigate the saturated pool boiling of de-ionized water. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs showed that the porous layers contains three ...types of structures, including macro pores above 200μm diameter, micro pores around 2μm diameter and dendritic structure around 400nm diameter. Results showed that, the thickness of the coating layers was 33μm, 84μm, 156μm and the contact angle of de-ionized water against the porous surface reduced with the increase of the coating thickness (35°, 8° and 0°). The highest porosity of the coating layers was 94.4%. The experimental results of pool boiling heat transfer indicated that the critical heat flux (CHF) increased with surface wettability and coating thickness, while the effect of the surface wettability on nucleate boiling heat transfer was complicated. The highest CHF of the porous surface was 239W/cm2, which is 101% higher than that of plain surface. High speed photography was used to observe the bubble behaviors in order to investigate the mechanism of enhanced nucleate boiling. Visualization data indicated that the coalescent bubble on porous surface grew more quickly and the bubble size was larger than that on plain surface under high heat flux range. Consequently, the departure of bubble brought more liquid replenishment, and thus to obtain the continuous rise of heat transfer coefficient and higher CHF value.
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