Summary
The job insecurity literature has been limited by the dominant linear view on the effects of job insecurity and the misconception that the conceptualizations and operationalizations of job ...insecurity across studies are homogenous. To challenge these two assumptions, we contrast the integrated perspective based on social exchange theory and job preservation motivation with activation theory and propose competing hypotheses for the curvilinear relationships between job insecurity and employee behavioral outcomes, including task performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), creative performance, safety behavior, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We also examine the moderating roles of different conceptualizations of job insecurity (i.e., cognitive vs. affective job insecurity; quantitative vs. qualitative job insecurity) in the proposed curvilinear relationships. Our meta‐analysis demonstrates that the negative relationships of job insecurity with task performance and OCB‐organization turn positive after inflection points, supporting the integrated perspective of social exchange theory and job preservation motivation but not activation theory. Moreover, the negative relationships of job insecurity with OCB‐individual and creative performance turn nonsignificant as job insecurity further increases. Finally, job insecurity has a linear, negative relationship with safety behavior, but a linear, positive relationship with CWB‐organization. Interestingly, affective job insecurity has lower inflection points than cognitive job insecurity, and qualitative job insecurity has lower inflection points than quantitative job insecurity. This study provides a deep and fine‐grained understanding of the curvilinear relationships between job insecurity and workplace behaviors and pushes the literature forward by focusing on the nuanced differences among various types of job insecurity.
As the world’s largest grain producer, China’s straw yield was 700 million tonnes in 2014. With a national utilization rate of 80% in 2015, there is still a large amount of straw burned in ...open-field, resulting in air pollution and a reduction in the quantity available as a source of bioenergy. This paper conducts a literature review of success stories and major challenges in comprehensive straw utilization in and out of China. It is noted that nationwide long-term feasible and sustainable straw utilization at a high rate is a highly complex operation, involving most societal sectors, many people and facilities often at different regions. Scenarios were analyzed to estimate the energy potential and air emission reductions China would accomplish in 2020 by converting an additional 5 or 10% of straw-yield to biofuel. Currently, the approach to control straw burning in China is primarily administrative, relying heavily on prohibition and penalties, inconsistent across policy areas and geography, and lacking in long-term planning. Consequently, the effectiveness of the current approach is limited. The main cause of burning is a lack of infrastructure, effective preventive measures, and viable alternatives. Recommendations aimed at promoting a circular bio-economy around using crop straw as resources were provided, including improving straw utilization rates and reducing open-field burning.
The Ordinary Kriging method is a common spatial interpolation algorithm in geostatistics. Because the semivariogram required for kriging interpolation greatly influences this process, optimal fitting ...of the semivariogram is of major significance for improving the theoretical accuracy of spatial interpolation. A deep neural network is a machine learning algorithm that can, in principle, be applied to any function, including a semivariogram. Accordingly, a novel spatial interpolation method based on a deep neural network and Ordinary Kriging was proposed in this research, and elevation data were used as a case study. Compared with the semivariogram fitted by the traditional exponential model, spherical model, and Gaussian model, the kriging variance in the proposed method is smaller, which means that the interpolation results are closer to the theoretical results of Ordinary Kriging interpolation. At the same time, this research can simplify processes for a variety of semivariogram analyses.
•BYK111 is an effective dispersant to disperse Al2O3 powders in photocurable resin.•The suspension dispersed via BYK111 exhibits colloidal-stable.•The different colloidal state is attributed to ...diverse inter-particle interactions.•The steric repulsion force offered by BYK111 is strong to offset Van der Waals force•BYK111 facilitates good wetting of Al2O3 powders in photocurable resin.
For the UV-curable alumina suspensions used in digital light processing (DLP) stereolithography, optimizing the dispersant type is important for achieving low viscosity, high solid loading, and remarkable self-leveling behavior. However, the inter-particle interactions in UV-curable alumina suspensions dispersed using different dispersants are overlooked. Herein, the effect of inter-particle interactions on rheology, solid loading, and self-leveling behavior of UV-curable alumina suspensions was systematically investigated. Three different commercial dispersants were used: oleic acid (OA), alkane-acrylic phosphate ester (PM1590), and copolymer dispersant (BYK111). After dispersing, BYK111 endowed alumina powders with thicker adsorption polymer layer to provide stronger steric repulsion force and facilitated better wetting of alumina powers in the photocurable resin, resulting in a reduced network structure degree, which decreased the viscosity (1.04 Pa s at 30 s−1); homogeneous packing of alumina powders, which enhanced the maximum solid loading (55 vol%); and inhibition of particle flocculation, which facilitated the spontaneous spreading of suspension.
Work is frequently on the minds of employees—even during evenings, weekends, and vacations. The present study is the first comprehensive meta-analysis of off-job work-related thoughts (WRTs; i.e., ...thoughts employees have about work when they are not at work). We were particularly interested in comparing off-job positive and negative work-related thoughts (PWRTs and NWRTs; i.e., thoughts about positive/negative work experiences or characteristics) to each other and other off-job WRT constructs, which we integrated into a typology. We coded 520 effect sizes from 171 independent samples (
N
= 58,682) and conducted a random-effects, individual-correction meta-analysis. We found that PWRTs and NWRTs were unrelated, and psychological detachment was negatively related to NWRTs but unrelated to PWRTs. Furthermore, PWRTs and NWRTs exhibited significantly different relationships with various antecedents (e.g., age, negative affectivity) and outcomes (e.g., work engagement, burnout). Compared to PWRTs and NWRTs, psychological detachment and problem-solving pondering exhibited generally weaker relationships with outcomes. NWRTs contaminated with negative affective strains (i.e., negative work-related thoughts and feelings) exhibited generally stronger relationships with outcomes. Overall, our meta-analytic findings indicate that PWRTs and NWRTs are different and underscore the importance of empirically and conceptually separating PWRTs and NWRTs from each other and other off-job WRT constructs. The findings also complement the nascent literature on interventions that target promoting PWRTs and reducing NWRTs.
Chongqing municipality experienced massive rural population migration to cities and towns in recent years. This study extracted abandoned farmland parcels from 1:10,000 scale farmland distribution ...maps of 2002 and 2011, calculated the abandonment rates for each township in three selected countries, analyzed the variations of abandonment rates across these townships and investigated the influential factors using the township-level data. Results from the multiple linear regression analysis show that the township forestland area ratio is the primary influential factor on abandonment rate, followed by distance between townships and Chongqing’s main urban zone, average net income per farmer, and farmland area per farmer. Township average elevation, distance between townships and county seat, and terrain slope have positive but statistically insignificant effect. In other words, the farmland abandonment rate is higher in remoter townships and in townships where crops are more prone to threaten from wild animals, where average net income per farmer is higher, and where there is more farmland area per farmer.
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) results in adverse health outcomes. Although this is a global concern, residents of China may be particularly vulnerable due to frequent severe air pollution ...episodes associated with economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Until 2012, PM2.5 was not regulated and monitored in China and annual average concentrations far exceeded the World Health Organizations guidelines of 10 μg/m3. Since the establishment of PM2.5 Ambient Air Quality Criteria in 2012, concentrations have decreased, but still pose significant health risks. A review of ambient PM2.5 health effect studies is warranted to evaluate the current state of knowledge and to prioritize future research efforts. Our review found that recent literature has confirmed associations between PM2.5 exposure and total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hypertension, lung cancer, influenza and other adverse health outcomes. Future studies should take a long-term approach to verify associations between exposure to PM2.5 and health effects. In order to obtain adequate exposure assessment at finer spatial resolutions, high density sampling, satellite remote sensing, or models should be employed. Personal monitoring should also be conducted to validate the use of outdoor concentrations as proxies for exposure. More research efforts should be devoted to seasonal patterns, sub-population susceptibility, and the mechanism by which exposure causes health effects. Submicron and ultrafine PM should also be monitored and regulated.
Purpose. We investigate the associations between incivility from multiple sources (i.e., doctors, supervisors, fellow nurses, and patients/visitors) and nurse turnover intentions. We take a ...self-determination perspective to explore whether psychological needs for autonomy, belongingness, and competence explain the relationship between incivility and turnover intentions. Finally, we examine whether incivility from doctors, supervisors, fellow nurses, and patients/visitors may primarily relate to one of the three basic psychological needs and whether the autonomy need may have the strongest relationship with turnover intentions. Design. A three-wave time-lagged design was used. Each measurement point was separated by one workweek. New Zealand nurses were asked to evaluate their workplace incivility at Time 1, three basic psychological needs at Time 2, and turnover intentions at Time 3. Findings. Supervisor incivility directly related to turnover intentions. The autonomy need was the only significant mechanism underlying the relationships of incivility from doctors, supervisors, and fellow nurses with turnover intentions. In addition, doctor incivility related to the autonomy need, patient/visitor incivility was not significantly related to any psychological needs, and incivility from fellow nurses and supervisors related to psychological needs for belongingness and autonomy. Originality. This study takes a multifoci perspective to examine nurse incivility from multiple sources. The novelty lies in the introduction of self-determination theory to the understanding of workplace incivility. Finally, we turn the spotlight on the importance of examining whether incivility from different sources may be primarily related to different psychological needs and whether the autonomy need plays a key role in turnover intentions.
Platelets have long been recognized as key players in hemostasis and thrombosis; however, growing evidence suggests that they are also significantly involved in cancer, the second leading cause of ...mortality worldwide. Preclinical and clinical studies showed that tumorigenesis and metastasis can be promoted by platelets through a wide variety of crosstalk between platelets and cancer cells. For example, cancer changes platelet behavior by directly inducing tumor-platelet aggregates, triggering platelet granule and extracellular vesicle release, altering platelet phenotype and platelet RNA profiles, and enhancing thrombopoiesis. Reciprocally, platelets reinforce tumor growth with proliferation signals, antiapoptotic effect, and angiogenic factors. Platelets also activate tumor invasion and sustain metastasis via inducing an invasive epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of tumor cells, promoting tumor survival in circulation, tumor arrest at the endothelium, and extravasation. Furthermore, platelets assist tumors in evading immune destruction. Hence, cancer cells and platelets maintain a complex, bidirectional communication. Recently, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been recognized as a promising cancer-preventive agent. It is recommended at daily low dose by the US Preventive Services Task Force for primary prevention of colorectal cancer. The exact mechanisms of action of aspirin in chemoprevention are not very clear, but evidence has emerged that suggests a platelet-mediated effect. In this article, we will introduce how cancer changes platelets to be more cancer-friendly and highlight advances in the modes of action for aspirin in cancer prevention. We also discuss the opportunities, challenges, and opposing viewpoints on applying aspirin and other antiplatelet agents for cancer prevention and treatment.
High-level reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to exert a robust anti-tumor effect by inducing cell apoptosis or necroptosis. Based on the Fenton reaction or Fenton-like reaction, a ...therapeutic strategy (i.e., chemodynamic therapy (CDT)) is proposed, where hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are one of the ROS that can be produced to kill tumors via the spontaneous activation by an endogenous stimulus. Moreover, high-level ROS can also facilitate tumor-associated antigen exposure, which benefits phagocytosis of corpses and debris by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells (DCs)) and further activates systematic immune responses. Great efforts have been made, wherein the development in the field of nanotechnology has been witnessed by the interdisciplinary communities. For providing a comprehensive understanding of CDT, state-of-theart strategies on nanotechnology-enabled CDT have been discussed in detail in this study. In particular, the combination of CDT with its augmented immunotherapy against tumors has been highlighted for overcoming the poor outcome of the mono-CDT. Moreover, the potential challenges have also been discussed.
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