Double neutron star (DNS) merger events are promising candidates of short gamma-ray burst (sGRB) progenitors as well as high-frequency gravitational wave (GW) emitters. On August 17, 2017, such a ...coinciding event was detected by both the LIGO-Virgo gravitational wave detector network as GW170817 and Gamma-Ray Monitor on board NASA's Fermi Space Telescope as GRB 170817A. Here, we show that the fluence and spectral peak energy of this sGRB fall into the lower portion of the distributions of known sGRBs. Its peak isotropic luminosity is abnormally low. The estimated event rate density above this luminosity is at least Formula: see text Gpc
yr
, which is close to but still below the DNS merger event rate density. This event likely originates from a structured jet viewed from a large viewing angle. There are similar faint soft GRBs in the Fermi archival data, a small fraction of which might belong to this new population of nearby, low-luminosity sGRBs.
With the aim of gathering temporal trends on bacterial epidemiology and resistance from multiple laboratories in China, the CHINET surveillance system was organized in 2005. Antimicrobial ...susceptibility testing was carried out according to a unified protocol using the Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems. Results were analyzed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2014 definitions. Between 2005 and 2014, the number of bacterial isolates ranged between 22 774 and 84 572 annually. Rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production among Escherichia coli isolates were stable, between 51.7 and 55.8%. Resistance of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam decreased with time. Carbapenem resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates increased from 2.4 to 13.4%. Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains against all of antimicrobial agents tested including imipenem and meropenem decreased with time. On the contrary, resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii strains to carbapenems increased from 31 to 66.7%. A marked decrease of methicillin resistance from 69% in 2005 to 44.6% in 2014 was observed for Staphylococcus aureus. Carbapenem resistance rates in K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii in China are high. Our results indicate the importance of bacterial surveillance studies.
While oral antidepressants reach efficacy after weeks, single-dose intravenous (i.v.) ketamine has rapid, yet time-limited antidepressant effects. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of ...single-dose i.v. ketamine augmentation of escitalopram in major depressive disorder (MDD).
Thirty outpatients with severe MDD (17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total score ⩾ 24) were randomized to 4 weeks double-blind treatment with escitalopram 10 mg/day+single-dose i.v. ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min) or escitalopram 10 mg/day + placebo (0.9% i.v. saline). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (QIDS-SR). Suicidal ideation was evaluated with the QIDS-SR item 12. Adverse psychopathological effects were measured with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)-positive symptoms, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinician Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Patients were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, 4, 24 and 72 h and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Time to response (⩾ 50% MADRS score reduction) was the primary outcome.
By 4 weeks, more escitalopram + ketamine-treated than escitalopram + placebo-treated patients responded (92.3% v. 57.1%, p = 0.04) and remitted (76.9% v. 14.3%, p = 0.001), with significantly shorter time to response hazard ratio (HR) 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.22, p < 0.001 and remission (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.63, p = 0.01). Compared to escitalopram + placebo, escitalopram + ketamine was associated with significantly lower MADRS scores from 2 h to 2 weeks (peak = 3 days-2 weeks; effect size (ES) = 1.08-1.18), QIDS-SR scores from 2 h to 2 weeks (maximum ES = 1.27), and QIDS-SR suicidality from 2 to 72 h (maximum ES = 2.24). Only YMRS scores increased significantly with ketamine augmentation (1 and 2 h), without significant BPRS or CADSS elevation.
Single-dose i.v. ketamine augmentation of escitalopram was safe and effective in severe MDD, holding promise for speeding up early oral antidepressant efficacy.
This study reports an efficient inoculation protocol that allowed cytological analysis of the infection process of the rice false smut pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens. Examination of serial semithin ...and ultrathin sections of infected spikelets showed that the primary infection sites for the pathogen were the upper parts of the three stamen filaments located between the ovary and the lodicules. The stigma and lodicules were also occasionally infected to a limited extent. The pathogen infected the filaments intercellularly and extended intercellularly along the filament base. The host cells were degraded gradually. The pathogen did not penetrate host cell walls directly and did not form haustoria. In the balls the ovary remained alive and was never infected. This suggests that the pathogen is a biotrophic parasite that grows intercellularly in vivo.
Aims.
Gamma-ray burst (GRB) 190829A (
z
= 0.0785) was detected by
Fermi
and
Swift
and also at very high energy (VHE) by the High-Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) telescopes. The prompt emission ...displayed two emission episodes separated by a quiescent gap of ∼40 s. We present the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) observations of the afterglow of GRB 190829A and its underlying supernova. We also compare GRB 190829A to GRB 180728A, a GRB with similar behaviour, and discuss the implications on underlying physical mechanisms producing these two GRBs.
Methods.
We present multi-band photometric data along with spectroscopic follow-up observations taken with the 10.4 m GTC telescope. Together with the data from the prompt emission, the 10.4 m GTC data are used to understand the emission mechanisms and possible progenitor.
Results.
A detailed analysis of the multi-band observations of the afterglow requires the cooling frequency to pass between the optical and X-ray bands at early epochs. The afterglow then transitions to the underlying supernova (SN) 2019oyw, which dominates later on.
Conclusions.
Although the prompt emission temporal properties of GRB 190829A and GRB 180728A are similar, the two pulses are different in the spectral domain. We find that SN 2019oyw associated with GRB 190829A is powered by Ni decay and is a Type Ic-BL SN. The spectroscopic and photometric properties of this SN are consistent with those observed for SN 1998bw, but evolved earlier.
Context.
Molecular gas is a necessary fuel for star formation. The CO (1−0) transition is often used to deduce the total molecular hydrogen but is challenging to detect in low-metallicity galaxies in ...spite of the star formation taking place. In contrast, the C
II
λ
158
μ
m is relatively bright, highlighting a potentially important reservoir of H
2
that is not traced by CO (1−0) but is residing in the C
+
-emitting regions.
Aims.
Here we aim to explore a method to quantify the total H
2
mass (
M
H
2
) in galaxies and to decipher what parameters control the CO-dark reservoir.
Methods.
We present Cloudy grids of density, radiation field, and metallicity in terms of observed quantities, such as O
I
, C
I
, CO (1−0), C
II
,
L
TIR
, and the total
M
H
2
. We provide recipes based on these models to derive total
M
H
2
mass estimates from observations. We apply the models to the
Herschel
Dwarf Galaxy Survey, extracting the total
M
H
2
for each galaxy, and compare this to the H
2
determined from the observed CO (1−0) line. This allows us to quantify the reservoir of H
2
that is CO-dark and traced by the C
II
λ
158
μ
m.
Results.
We demonstrate that while the H
2
traced by CO (1−0) can be negligible, the C
II
λ
158
μ
m can trace the total H
2
. We find 70 to 100% of the total H
2
mass is not traced by CO (1−0) in the dwarf galaxies, but is well-traced by C
II
λ
158
μ
m. The CO-dark gas mass fraction correlates with the observed
L
C
II
/
L
CO(1−0)
ratio. A conversion factor for C
II
λ
158
μ
m to total H
2
and a new CO-to-total-
M
H
2
conversion factor as a function of metallicity are presented.
Conclusions.
While low-metallicity galaxies may have a feeble molecular reservoir as surmised from CO observations, the presence of an important reservoir of molecular gas that is not detected by CO can exist. We suggest a general recipe to quantify the total mass of H
2
in galaxies, taking into account the CO and C
II
observations. Accounting for this CO-dark H
2
gas, we find that the star-forming dwarf galaxies now fall on the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation. Their star-forming efficiency is rather normal because the reservoir from which they form stars is now more massive when introducing the C
II
measures of the total H
2
compared to the small amount of H
2
in the CO-emitting region.
There are few data on the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcosis in China. Here we investigated the species distribution, molecular types and antifungal susceptibilities of 312 Cryptococcus ...neoformans species complex isolates from ten hospitals over 5 years. Isolates were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and by two matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) systems. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to verify species/variety and to designate molecular types. Susceptibility to six antifungal drugs was determined by the Sensititre YeastOne™ method. Cryptococcus neoformans was the predominant species (305/312 isolates (97.8%), all were ITS type 1, serotype A), of which 89.2% (272/305) were C. neoformans var. grubii MLST sequence type (ST) 5 and 6.2% (19/305) were ST31. Other C. neoformans var. grubii STs were rare but included six novel STs. Only two strains were C. neoformans var. neoformans (both serotype AD). Cryptococcus gattii was uncommon (n = 7, four ITS types) and comprised five MLST STs including one novel ST. For C. neoformans var. grubii, the proportion of isolates with non-wild-type MICs to fluconazole significantly rose in the fourth study year (from 0% (0/56 isolates) in the first year to 23.9% (17/71) in the fourth year), including five isolates with fluconazole MICs of ≥32 mg/L. The study has provided useful data on the species epidemiology and their genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility. The proportional increase in isolates with non-wild-type MICs to fluconazole is noted.
Sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin‐7 (Siglec‐7) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Siglec‐7 ...expression and NK cell functions. Siglec‐7 was highly expressed on NK cells and was preferentially expressed by mature NK cells from peripheral blood of healthy adults. Siglec‐7+ NK cells displayed higher levels of activating receptors CD38, CD16, DNAM1, NKp30 and NKp46, but lower levels of inhibitory receptors such as NKG2A and CD158b, compared with Siglec‐7– NK cells. Functional tests showed that Siglec‐7+ NK cells displayed more CD107a degranulation and IFN‐γ production than Siglec‐7– NK cells. Siglec‐7 inhibited NK cell functions when interacting with specific antibodies. These data suggest that Siglec‐7 defines a highly functional NK cell subset and suppresses NK cell‐mediated functions when cross‐linked with specific antibodies.
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